{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T13:10:06Z","timestamp":1749647406657,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the thermo\u2010chemical effects of nonablative Er:YAG laser on human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this laboratory based study, for the hESCs cultures, endometrial tissue biopsy samples were obtained from three fertile women in the late proliferative phase. In this laboratory\u2010based study, seven experimental groups were created: Estradiol (E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) group, E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009Sham (S) group, E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> group, E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009Laser (L) group, E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009L group, hESC group and hESC+L group. Cell cultures reaching confluence on the matrigel\u2010coated petri dishes in all groups were incubated for 12, 24, 48, and 72\u2009h after laser irradiation, respectively. Nonablative Er:YAG laser irradiation was performed to the hESCs culture. The main outcome of this study involves assessing the alterations in MMP\u20102, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, VEGF\u2010A, and IGFBP\u20101 levels within conditioned media of hESC cultures subsequent to the Er:YAG laser irradiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median MMP\u20102 levels significantly differed between groups at the 12th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd\u2009hour (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021, and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032, respectively). All media of hESCs irradiated with Er\u2010YAG laser had higher median MMP\u20102 values. At the 48th hour, the groups showed significant differences in terms of median TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029), which were lower in the groups that received Er\u2010YAG laser. At the 12th hour, median IL\u20106 levels differed significantly between the groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011), being higher in the groups that received Er\u2010YAG laser. At the 72nd hour, lower median VEGF\u2010A values were observed for the groups that received Er\u2010YAG laser (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021). A statistically significant difference existed in terms of median IGFBP\u20101 levels between the groups at the 24th hour, with higher levels in the groups which received Er\u2010YAG laser (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings demonstrated that the non\u2010ablative Er\u2010YAG laser induces tissue remodeling, modulates immune responses by favoring Th2 cell activity and suppresses Th1 cell activity in hESCs. Additionally, it exerts favorable impact on decidualization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.70020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T05:19:19Z","timestamp":1745558359000},"page":"415-425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Nonablative Er\u2010<b>YAG<\/b> Laser on Human Endometrial Stromal Cells (hESCs): A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5122-8967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cemal Tamer","family":"Erel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine Istanbul University\u2010Cerrahpasa Istanbul 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