{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:07:57Z","timestamp":1792793277748,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01-AR068067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01-AR068067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002602","name":"American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000997","name":"Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is critical for protecting the epidermis during laser dermatologic procedures. The widely used cryogen, R134a, has a high global warming potential (GWP), motivating interest in environmentally favorable alternatives such as HFO\u20101234ze. This study evaluated whether HFO\u20101234ze provides epidermal protection comparable to R134a during laser exposure and investigated the mechanistic basis underlying any differences in cooling performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Laser\u2010induced epidermal injury in conjunction with two cryogens was assessed in K14\u2010SCF Mc1r\n                      <jats:sup>e\/e<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice with pharmacologically controllable interfollicular epidermal pigmentation. Laser treatment sites were assigned fluences relative to baseline skin lightness (\n                      <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                      *) to span subthreshold to suprathreshold injury conditions, with cryogen assignment randomized. Hypopigmentation at Day 7 served as the primary injury endpoint and was scored independently by three blinded raters. Surface cooling induced by each cryogen was measured separately using thin\u2010film thermocouples on a skin phantom, and subsurface temperature distributions were estimated using one\u2010dimensional transient heat\u2010transfer modeling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean hypopigmentation scores did not differ significantly between R134a\u2010 and HFO\u20101234ze\u2010cooled sites across the full range of pigmentation and fluence studied (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.46). Heat\u2010map analysis and regression modeling confirmed that hypopigmentation increased with fluence and darker pigmentation but was independent of cryogen type. Surface temperature measurements using skin phantom revealed that R134a produced more aggressive transient cooling than HFO\u20101234ze, reaching approximately 10\u00b0C lower minimum temperatures. However, numerical modeling of skin cooling using heat flux inferred from phantom measurement showed that this surface advantage decayed rapidly with depth, resulting in\u2009\u2264\u20092\u00b0C\u20133\u00b0C differences within the viable epidermis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite differences in surface cooling magnitude, R134a and HFO\u20101234ze provided equivalent epidermal protection under clinically relevant conditions. These findings support HFO\u20101234ze as an effective, lower\u2010GWP alternative to R134a for CSC in laser dermatologic applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.70115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T16:59:44Z","timestamp":1772989184000},"page":"343-355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of R134a and HFO\u20101234ze Cryogen Spray Cooling Using a Mouse Model With Controllable Epidermal Pigmentation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5021-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangcun","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute University of California, Irvine Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurie","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute University of California, Irvine Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute University of California, Irvine Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oswald","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute University of California, Irvine Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute University of California, Irvine Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant","family":"Swajian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California, Riverside Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute University of California, Irvine Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayana","family":"Kashikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute University of California, Irvine Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Khaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute University of California, Irvine Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Markey Cancer Center University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute University of California, Irvine Irvine California USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California, Irvine Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1008-6234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"D'Orazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Markey Cancer Center University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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