{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:58:01Z","timestamp":1790434681150,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AI178152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI178152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perforated appendicitis commonly results in intra\u2010abdominal infection requiring prolonged antibiotic therapy. Intraoperative antimicrobial adjuncts are limited, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) may provide a targeted, resistance\u2010independent approach. This study evaluated the feasibility, safety, and preliminary antimicrobial effects of laparoscopic methylene blue photodynamic therapy (MB\u2010PDT) for intra\u2010abdominal disinfection in a rabbit model of perforated appendicitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      New Zealand White rabbits (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919) underwent surgically induced perforated appendicitis via appendiceal ligation and electrocautery perforation. Animals subsequently received laparoscopic MB\u2010PDT (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099) or control treatment (methylene blue lavage without laser illumination;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) 24\u201340\u2009h after perforation. MB\u2010PDT consisted of peritoneal lavage with methylene blue (300\u2009\u00b5g\/mL) followed by 665\u2010nm laser illumination at 20\u2009mW\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      to a fluence of 25\u2009J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Peritoneal aspirates were obtained before and 24\u2009h after intervention to quantify bacterial burden. In vitro PDT was evaluated in isolated organisms. Intraperitoneal organs were assessed histologically for off\u2010target effects. Primary outcomes were feasibility, safety, and in vivo change in bacterial burden. Secondary outcomes included clinical parameter changes and in vitro efficacy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fourteen rabbits developed peritonitis, and 10 animals completed follow\u2010up (PDT\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097, control\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093). Laparoscopic MB\u2010PDT delivery was technically feasible and no histologic evidence of off\u2010target photodynamic injury to abdominal organs was identified. Changes in bacterial burden were not significantly different between MB\u2010PDT and control animals (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.18). Body temperature showed a non\u2010significant trend toward reduction following MB\u2010PDT (\u22120.37\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20091.32\u00b0C) compared with controls (0.26\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20090.76\u00b0C;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.27). In vitro MB\u2010PDT produced significant reductions in bacterial burden across all isolated species (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with the most resistant Gram\u2010positive isolate,\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , demonstrating greater susceptibility than Gram\u2010negative species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laparoscopic MB\u2010PDT was technically feasible and safe in a rabbit model of perforated appendicitis. Although a reduction in bacterial burden was not observed in vivo, MB\u2010PDT produced strong antimicrobial activity in vitro against all bacterial species isolated from infected animals. These findings establish a preclinical technical platform for intra\u2010abdominal MB\u2010PDT and highlight the importance of optimized light\u2010delivery strategies for future translational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.70157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T17:49:23Z","timestamp":1781027363000},"page":"644-655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laparoscopic Methylene Blue Photodynamic Therapy for Intraabdominal Infection: A Preclinical Feasibility Study in a Rabbit Model of Perforated Appendicitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Baran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Sciences University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester Rochester New York 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Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrian S.","family":"Hawryluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin S.","family":"Pavelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester Rochester New York USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery, 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