{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T20:17:08Z","timestamp":1788034628359,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prolonged postoperative air leak (PAL) after thoracic surgery remains a major cause of morbidity, extended hospital stays, and bronchopleural fistula. Existing intraoperative aerostasis assessment methods, including water submersion testing, iodine indicator instillation, and ventilator flowmetry, are subjective, anatomically restricted, or provide limited information about the precise location and magnitude of individual leaks. This experimental study evaluates a quantitative intraoperative aerostasis monitoring approach employing a laser photoacoustic leak detector with sulfur hexafluoride SF\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      as a biologically inert trace gas marker, configured in a rabbit thoracotomy model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Validation proceeded in two sequential phases. Bench\u2010top experiments used a latex\u2010balloon respiratory analogue ventilated under positive end\u2010expiratory pressure conditions (PEEP 490\u20131500\u2009Pa), with controlled microdefects introduced using a 26\u2009G needle. Acute in vivo studies were conducted in a New Zealand White rabbit (3.2\u2009kg) anesthetized with isoflurane and undergoing left\u2010sided lateral thoracotomy with controlled visceral pleural and bronchial stump defects. SF\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      was introduced into the ventilator circuit at 0.02 vol.% (1:5000\u2009v\/v). The laser photoacoustic leak detector probe (3\u2009mm inner diameter) was hand\u2010scanned across the operative field while photoacoustic signals were recorded continuously at 10\u2009Hz. A mass\u2010balance model tailored to rabbit ventilatory parameters was derived and experimentally validated to relate measured SF\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentration to defect efflux rate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 12 controlled defects (10 visceral pleural and 2 bronchial stump) were detected. During systematic scanning of the exposed lung surface, peak signal\u2010to\u2010background ratios ranged from 155:1 to 540:1 at 3\u201310\u2009mm probe stand\u2010off distance, with a median localization error of 2\u2009mm (0\u20134\u2009mm range) relative to the known defect sites. Calculated SF\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      efflux rates agreed with theoretical predictions within 14%. Continuous ambient monitoring showed operative\u2010field SF\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations of 0.012\u20130.058\u2009ppm, more than 13,000\u2010fold below the occupational exposure limit. Introduction of 0.02 vol.% SF\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      into the ventilator circuit produced no detectable changes in end\u2010tidal carbon dioxide or ventilatory mechanics compared with baseline.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this rabbit thoracotomy model, laser photoacoustic SF\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      leak detection is feasible, safe, and quantitatively reliable for intraoperative aerostasis assessment. The method offers high sensitivity and millimeter\u2010scale spatial resolution when the operative field is systematically scanned, thereby complementing conventional aerostasis tests that rely on visual detection of air bubbles. These findings should be interpreted as proof\u2010of\u2010concept in an experimental setting. Further work is required to refine the human\u2013machine interface, to assess performance in more complex operative fields and minimally invasive procedures, and to compare this approach with existing acoustic and gas\u2010analysis techniques. The validated mass\u2010balance framework provides a basis for scaling efflux\u2010rate estimation to human ventilatory parameters and for future clinical studies linking intraoperative leak characteristics with PAL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.70202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T19:34:16Z","timestamp":1788032056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laser Photoacoustic Detection of Pulmonary and Tracheobronchial Suture Leaks"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5674-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny B.","family":"Topolnitskiy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Department Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia Tomsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3032-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venedikt A.","family":"Kapitanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences Tomsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8520-6248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex A.","family":"Volinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2010.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd\u201022\u20101485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2022.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.oa.20\u201000010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2015.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivaa140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S405270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd\u20102025\u20101\u20102660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050802"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019\u2010024\u201002620\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezs518"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezv410"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.02.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001\u2010025\u201003529\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jovs\u201024\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Method of Pneumostasis Control in Thoracic Surgery","author":"Sidorenko Y. 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