{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:51:54Z","timestamp":1786978314916,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Supplement 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":4230,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Percutaneous ablation is considered the best treatment option for patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are not candidates for surgical resection or liver transplantation. Several methods have been developed, including intratumoral injection of ethanol or acetic acid, and thermal ablation with radiofrequency, laser, microwaves, or cryosurgery. Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) has been the most widely used technique. Several series have provided indirect evidence that PEI improves the natural history of HCC. Patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis and either a single tumor smaller than 5 cm or as many as three lesions each smaller than 3 cm may achieve a 5-year survival of 50%. The major limitation of PEI is the high local recurrence rate, which may reach 33-43%. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation has emerged as the most powerful alternate method for percutaneous ablation. Recent studies have shown that RF ablation can achieve more effective local tumor control than PEI with fewer treatment sessions. In a randomized trial, local recurrence-free survival rates were significantly higher in patients who received RF ablation than in those treated by PEI, and treatment allocation was confirmed as an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. RF ablation could therefore be considered as the percutaneous treatment of choice for patients with early-stage tumors. Further investigation is warranted to clarify whether current RF technology could offer improved results in patients with intermediate-stage HCC. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:S91-S97.)<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,30]],"date-time":"2004-01-30T19:01:29Z","timestamp":1075489289000},"page":"S91-S97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Percutaneous ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: State-of-the-art"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Lencioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dania","family":"Cioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Crocetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Bartolozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00130-1","article-title":"EASL Panel of Experts on HCC. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver.","volume":"35","author":"Bruix","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R2-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519524","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.32089","article-title":"Prognostic prediction and treatment strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma.","volume":"35","author":"Bruix","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R3-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S136S149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00432-4","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: present status and future prospects.","volume":"38","author":"Llovet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R4-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345360","DOI":"10.1007\/s002610000194","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation of liver malignancies: techniques, indications, imaging findings, and clinical results.","volume":"26","author":"Lencioni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"R5-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329338","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007122","article-title":"Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification.","volume":"19","author":"Llovet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"R6-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682696","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00187673","article-title":"Ethanol injection for the treatment of hepatic tumours.","volume":"6","author":"Bartolozzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"R7-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15241530","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19911001)68:7<1524::AID-CNCR2820680711>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a histopathologic study.","volume":"68","author":"Shiina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R8-18-20250326","first-page":"11211126","article-title":"Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: a cohort study comparing surgical resection and percutaneous ethanol injection.","volume":"18","author":"Castells","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R9-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17371746","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19951115)76:10<1737::AID-CNCR2820761010>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma with percutaneous ethanol injection. Analysis of prognostic factors in 105 Western patients.","volume":"76","author":"Lencioni","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R10-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101108","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.197.1.7568806","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection.","volume":"197","author":"Livraghi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R11-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707713","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27950","article-title":"Treatment strategy for small hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of long-term results after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy and surgical resection.","volume":"34","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R13-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16381642","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980501)82:9<1638::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Needle tract implantation of hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous ethanol injection.","volume":"82","author":"Ishii","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R14-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80072-0","article-title":"Prospective analysis of risk factors for early intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following ethanol injection.","volume":"32","author":"Khan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R15-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529537","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000201)88:3<529::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Predictive factors for intrahepatic recurrence after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma.","volume":"88","author":"Koda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R16-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19311937","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10892","article-title":"Satellite lesions in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma with reference to clinicopathologic features.","volume":"95","author":"Okusaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R17-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323331","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.2.1740323","article-title":"Thermal ablation therapy for focal malignancies: a unfied approach to underlyng principles, techniques, and diagnostic imaging guidance.","volume":"174","author":"Goldberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R18-18-20250326","first-page":"636644","article-title":"Radiofrequency tissue ablation: increased lesion diameter with a perfusion electrode.","volume":"3","author":"Goldberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"R19-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12051211","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050536","article-title":"Radio-frequency thermal ablation of liver metastases with a cooled-tip electrode needle: results of a pilot clinical trial.","volume":"8","author":"Lencioni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"R20-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10151022","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.170.4.9530052","article-title":"Percutaneous treatment of small hepatic tumors by an expandable RF electrode needle.","volume":"170","author":"Rossi","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R21-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783788","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.177.4.1770783","article-title":"Radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: using contrast-enhanced harmonic power doppler sonography to assess treatment outcome.","volume":"177","author":"Cioni","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R22-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143149","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.180.1.1800143","article-title":"Percutaneous ablation therapy guided by contrast-enhanced sonography for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.","volume":"180","author":"Numata","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R23-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14671475","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33635","article-title":"Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with radiofrequency ablation: radiologic-histologic correlation during follow-up periods.","volume":"35","author":"Morimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R24-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6776","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2002.21.1.67","article-title":"Small hepatocellular carcinoma: therapeutic effectiveness of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy with a LeVeen needle electrode.","volume":"21","author":"Shirato","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"R25-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655661","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.210.3.r99fe40655","article-title":"Small hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with radio-frequency ablation versus ethanol injection.","volume":"210","author":"Livraghi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R26-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322326","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hye063","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation and percutaneous ethanol injection in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparative study.","volume":"31","author":"Ikeda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R27-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235240","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2281020718","article-title":"Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radiofrequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection.","volume":"228","author":"Lencioni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R28-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761768","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.214.3.r00mr02761","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: radio-frequency ablation of medium and large lesions.","volume":"214","author":"Livraghi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R29-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(98)70491-9","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency tissue ablation: does perfusion-mediated tissue cooling limit coagulation necrosis?","volume":"9","author":"Goldberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"R30-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119126","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.217.1.r00se02119","article-title":"Percutaneous radio-frequency thermal ablation of nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after occlusion of tumor blood supply.","volume":"217","author":"Rossi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R31-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23532360","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10966","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma during occlusion of hepatic blood flow. Comparison with standard percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy.","volume":"95","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R32-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12251232","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(07)61969-1","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation combined with chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment response based on tumor size and morphology.","volume":"13","author":"Yamakado","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"R33-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11241129","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24233","article-title":"Increased risk of tumor seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma.","volume":"33","author":"Llovet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R34-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441451","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2262012198","article-title":"Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study.","volume":"226","author":"Livraghi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"P","key":"R35-18-20250326","first-page":"671","article-title":"Complications of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver malignancies with expandable multi-probe needles: results of a multicenter study.","volume":"229","author":"Lencioni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R36-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6772","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270112","article-title":"Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing percutaneous acetic acid injection and percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma.","volume":"27","author":"Ohnishi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R37-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16941702","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990415)85:8<1694::AID-CNCR8>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with percutaneous ethanol injection therapy.","volume":"85","author":"Seki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R38-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331337","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2232010775","article-title":"Small hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of radio-frequency ablation and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy.","volume":"223","author":"Shibata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R39-18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13321339","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.137.12.1332","article-title":"A comparison of percutaneous cryosurgery and percutaneous radiofrequency for unresectable hepatic malignancies.","volume":"137","author":"Adam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Surg"}],"container-title":["Liver Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flt.20043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01445473-200402002-00018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T04:09:24Z","timestamp":1743221364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01445473-200402002-00018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement 2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lt.20043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-6465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-6465","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}