{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:38:25Z","timestamp":1791067105350,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":4079,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients, allowing orthotopic liver transplantation as a reasonable treatment option for selected patients with terminal liver disease. Both non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, key elements of HAART, give rise to substantial drug-to-drug interactions with immunosuppressive drugs such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine A. After studying 12-hour pharmacokinetic profiles in 3 HIV-positive patients after liver transplantation, we describe how dosing of cyclosporine A can be adjusted to maintain effective immunosuppressive drug levels on a daily dosing schedule when ritonavir-boosted indinavir or lopinavir-based antiretroviral therapy is given. To avoid toxic drug levels, we used an orally available cyclosporine A formulation prepared from the commercial available intravenous solution, which enabled dose adjustments in 1-mg increments. Under ritonavir-boosted HAART, cyclosporine A levels showed markedly altered absorption\/elimination characteristics with more or less constant blood-levels throughout the dosing interval and prolonged elimination half-lives up to 38 hours. To obtain equivalent areas under the curve of cyclosporine A, daily doses were reduced to 5-20% of the individual standard doses given before initiation of ritonavir-boosted HAART. Because of the flat absorption\/elimination profiles under ritonavir-boosted HAART cyclosporine A, dosing could be reliably monitored long term by measuring cyclosporine A trough-levels. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:939-944.)<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,29]],"date-time":"2004-06-29T21:02:28Z","timestamp":1088542948000},"page":"939-944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Management of drug-to-drug interactions between cyclosporine A and the protease-inhibitor lopinavir\/ritonavir in liver-transplanted HIV-infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Vogel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Christoph","family":"Michaelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sudhop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"T\u00fcrler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilman","family":"Sauerbruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen Kurt","family":"Rockstroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13802-0","article-title":"Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study.","volume":"362","author":"Mocroft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2-20-20250326","first-page":"13081315","article-title":"Survival after AIDS diagnosis in adolescents and adults during the treatment era, United States, 1984-1997.","volume":"285","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R3-20-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14671471","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220152644160","article-title":"Increasing impact of chronic viral hepatitis on hospital 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antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"15","author":"Gow","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R7-20-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16841688","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200111270-00020","article-title":"Liver transplantation in adults coinfected with HIV.","volume":"72","author":"Prachalias","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R9-20-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00213-7","article-title":"Liver transplantation in patients with HIV infection.","volume":"39","author":"Samuel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R10-20-20250326","first-page":"523526","article-title":"Orthotope leber transplantation bei einem 33-jahrigen patienten mit fulm Orthotopic liver transplantation in a 33-year-old patient with fulminant hepatitis B and HIV infection.","volume":"125","author":"Schliefer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dtsch Med 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