{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:50:02Z","timestamp":1786978202873,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":4079,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During the 1990s, gram-positive bacteria emerged as major pathogens after liver transplantation. We sought to determine whether the pathogens associated with bacteremias in liver transplant recipients have changed. Patients included 233 liver transplant recipients transplanted between 1989 and 2003. The proportion of all infections due to bacteremias increased significantly over time (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001). Of other major infections, a trend toward a decrease in fungal infections (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .089) and a significant decrease in cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0004) were documented. Whereas the proportion of bacteremias due to gram-negatives increased from 25% in the period of 1989-1993 to 51.8% in 1998-03, that of gram-positive bacteria decreased from 75% in the period of 1989-93 to 48.2% in the period of 1998-2003. Methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      were the most frequent pathogens in bacteremic patients. The incidence of bacteremias due to MRSA and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      has remained unchanged (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .20); however, that due to enteric gram-negative bacteria, particularly\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      has increased (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .02).\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates in the current quartile were not clonally related. In conclusion, bacteremias as a proportion of all infections in liver transplant recipients have increased significantly over time, due in part to a decline in infections due to other major pathogens, e.g., fungi, primarily\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, and CMV. Gram-negative bacteria have emerged as predominant pathogens in bacteremic liver transplant recipients. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:844-849.)\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,29]],"date-time":"2004-06-29T17:01:26Z","timestamp":1088528486000},"page":"844-849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Bacteremias in liver transplant recipients: Shift toward gram-negative bacteria as predominant pathogens\u2020"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nina","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn M.","family":"Wagener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asia","family":"Obman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas 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