{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:47:14Z","timestamp":1761630434381,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":3106,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is the main cause of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Little is known on chronic carrier state and its relation with late PTLD. We aimed to study EBV infection in the long-term after paediatric liver transplantation (OLT). We conducted a retrospective review of 34 children monitored for a median of 5.8 years (range 1.5-17.7). 21 were IgG seronegative (group A) and 13 seropositive (group B) before OLT. Primary infection was the appearance of VCA-IgM or VCA-IgG or Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in patients previously IgG seronegative; positive VCA-IgM or EA-IgG or RT-PCR lasting longer than 6 months was defined sustained viral detection (SVD). 18\/21 patients of group A had a primary infection at a median time of 3 months after transplant (0.5-60). 14\/18 of group A and 0\/13 of group B had a SVD (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). Viral loads greater than 500 copies\/10mononuclear cells occurred in 12\/18 patients in group A and 0\/13 patients in group B (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). The 3 patients who developed late PTLD (median time after OLT 47 months, range 15-121) were from group A, and presented with SVD before developing PTLD. In conclusion, EBV infection in seronegative patients at OLT is associated with greater viral loads and sustained viral detection. Late PTLD occurred only in na\u00efve patients with markers of SVD. Three to 4 monthly long-term monitoring of EBV in pre-OLT na\u00efve patients might help preventing the occurrence of late PTLD. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Liver Transpl 13:343-348, 2007. 2006.<\/jats:italic> \u00a9 2006 AASLD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,11]],"date-time":"2006-12-11T23:06:40Z","timestamp":1165878400000},"page":"343-348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Sustained Epstein-Barr Virus Detection in Paediatric Liver Transplantation. Insights Into the Occurrence of Late PTLD"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"D'Antiga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Del Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Mengoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Cillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graziella","family":"Guariso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Zancan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91524-7","article-title":"Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitts lymphoma.","volume":"1","author":"Epstein","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008173430707","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus infection.","volume":"343","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R3-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199911270-00015","article-title":"EpsteinBarr virusinduced posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders.","volume":"68","author":"Paya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R4-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3046.2002.02043.x","article-title":"D. Holmes and R. J. Sokol. Epstein-Barr virus and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease.","volume":"6","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplantation"},{"key":"R5-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198804000-00011","article-title":"The frequency of EpsteinBarr virus infection and associated lymphoproliferative syndrome after transplantation, and its manifestations in children.","volume":"45","author":"Ho","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R6-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000057244.03192.BD","article-title":"Determination of risk factors for EpsteinBarr virusassociated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric liver transplant recipients using objective case ascertainment.","volume":"15","author":"Guthery","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R7-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.3.972.972","article-title":"Increased levels of circulating EpsteinBarr virus (EBV)infected lymphocytes and decreased EBV nuclear antigen antibody responses are associated with the development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in solidorgan transplant patients.","volume":"84","author":"Riddler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R8-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.01002.x","article-title":"Quantitative EBV viral loads and immunosuppression alterations can decrease PTLD incidence in pediatric liver transplant recipients.","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Jl Transplant"},{"key":"R9-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200201150-00015","article-title":", Dhawan A, Portmann B, Francavilla R, Rela M, Heaton N, et al. Late cellular rejection in paediatric liver transplantation. Aethiology and outcome.","volume":"73","author":"DAntiga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R10-8-20250124","first-page":"445","article-title":"The role of quantitative EpsteinBarr virus polymerase chain reaction and preemptive immunosuppression reduction in pediatric liver transplantation: a preliminary experience.","volume":"33","author":"KoganLiberman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R11-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1086\/314764","article-title":"Natural history of primary EpsteinBarr virus infection in children of mothers infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.","volume":"179","author":"Jenson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R12-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10285","article-title":"Case report: kinetics of EpsteinBarr virus load in a bone marrow transplant patient with no sign of lymphoproliferative disease.","volume":"69","author":"Biasolo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R13-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.28643","article-title":"Management of the pediatric liver transplant patient.","volume":"7","author":"McDiarmid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R14-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200212270-00014","article-title":"Causes of mortality beyond 1 year after primary pediatric liver transplant under tacrolimus.","volume":"74","author":"Fridell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R15-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3046.2002.02029.x","article-title":"EpsteinBarr virusrelated lymphoproliferation in children after liver transplant: Role of immunity, diagnosis, and management.","volume":"6","author":"Smets","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"R16-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212103272403","article-title":"Expression of EpsteinBarr virusencoded small RNA (by the EBER1 gene) in liver specimens from transplant recipients with posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease.","volume":"327","author":"Randhawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R17-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90994-2","article-title":"Reversibility of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative lesions developing under cyclosporinsteroid therapy.","volume":"1","author":"Starzl","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R18-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1086\/516139","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous ganciclovir followed by oral acyclovir with intravenous ganciclovir alone for prevention of cytomegalovirus and EpsteinBarr virus disease after liver transplantation in children.","volume":"25","author":"Green","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199812270-00006","article-title":"Prevention and preemptive therapy of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver recipients.","volume":"66","author":"McDiarmid","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R20-8-20250124","first-page":"389","article-title":"AntiCD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) treatment for EpsteinBarr virusassociated, Bcell lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplant recipients.","volume":"34","author":"Serinet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R21-8-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.9.3137","article-title":"AntiBcell monoclonal antibody treatment of severe posttransplant Blymphoproliferative disorder: prognostic factors and longterm 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Characteristics of EpsteinBarr virus primary infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients. 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