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Rats were treated with CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> for 4 weeks, and this was followed by a direct injection of HUMSCs into their livers. After 4 more weeks of CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> treatment (8 weeks in all), rats with HUMSC transplants [CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (8W)+HUMSC liver] exhibited a significant reduction in liver fibrosis, as evidenced by Sirius red staining and a collagen content assay, in comparison with rats treated with CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> for 8 weeks without HUMSC transplants [CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (8W)]. Moreover, rats in the CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (8W)+HUMSC (liver) group had significantly lower levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, \u03b1-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 in the liver, whereas the expression of hepatic mesenchymal epithelial transition factor\u2013phosphorylated type (Met-P) and hepatocyte growth factor was up-regulated, in comparison with the CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (8W) group. Notably, engrafted HUMSCs scattered mostly in the hepatic connective tissue but did not differentiate into hepatocytes expressing human albumin or \u03b1-fetoprotein. Instead, these engrafted, undifferentiated HUMSCs secreted a variety of bioactive cytokines that may restore liver function and promote regeneration. Human cytokine assay revealed that the amounts of human cutaneous T cell\u2013attracting chemokine, leukemia inhibitory factor, and prolactin were substantially greater in the livers of the CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (8W)+HUMSC (liver) group, with considerably reduced hepatic inflammation manifested by a micro positron emission tomography scan. Our findings suggest that xenogeneic transplantation of HUMSCs is a novel approach for treating liver fibrosis and may be a promising therapeutic intervention in the future.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]],"date-time":"2009-04-27T23:20:22Z","timestamp":1240874422000},"page":"484-495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["The therapeutic potential of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly in the treatment of rat liver fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Pei-Chun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tz-Win","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ming 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