{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:08:28Z","timestamp":1789513708005,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":2283,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                           <jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                        <\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Long-term morbidity and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) are to a large degree determined by cardiovascular disease and cancer. Tobacco use is a well-known risk factor for both. The aim of this study was to examine smoking behavior before and after OLT and to define groups at risk for resuming tobacco use after OLT. In addition, we looked for a relation between smoking and morbidity after OLT. All 401 adult patients with a follow-up of at least 2 years after OLT were included. Data were collected from the charts. A questionnaire about smoking habits at 4 time points before and after OLT was sent to all 326 patients alive, and 301 (92%) patients responded. Both before and after OLT, 53% of patients never used tobacco, and around 17% were active smokers. Of the active smokers during the evaluation for OLT, almost one-third succeeded in cessation, often during the waiting time for OLT. Twelve percent of former smokers restarted smoking, mainly after OLT. Tobacco use was the highest in patients with alcoholic liver disease (52% were active smokers before OLT, and 44% were after OLT) and the lowest in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (1.4% were active smokers before OLT). At 10 years, the cumulative rate of malignancies was 12.7% in active smokers versus 2.1% in nonsmokers (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.019). No effect on skin cancer or cardiovascular disease was found. In conclusion, smoking is a serious problem after OLT and increases the risk for malignancy. Prevention programs should focus not only on active smokers but also on former smokers. Liver Transpl 15: 648\u2013655, 2009. \u00a9 2009 AASLD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,28]],"date-time":"2009-05-28T20:04:09Z","timestamp":1243541049000},"page":"648-655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Smoking Behavior in Liver Transplant Recipients"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Frans","family":"van der Heide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Dijkstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Porte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan H.","family":"Kleibeuker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Haagsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199712270-00030","article-title":"Ten years of liver transplantation: an evolving understanding of late graft loss.","volume":"64","author":"Abbasoglu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R2-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.27084","article-title":"Analysis of causes of death in liver transplant recipients who survived more than 3 years.","volume":"7","author":"Pruthi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R3-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(01)00595-5","article-title":"Late mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation.","volume":"181","author":"Rabkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"R4-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2002.128343","article-title":"The longterm survival and causes of death in patients who survive at least 1 year after liver transplantation.","volume":"132","author":"Vogt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"R5-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.07.029","article-title":"Late mortality in 679 consecutive liver transplant recipients: the Gothenburg liver transplant experience.","volume":"38","author":"Lukes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"R6-13-20250330","first-page":"74","article-title":"Vascular events after liver transplantation: a longterm followup study.","volume":"21","author":"Borg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"R7-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20385","article-title":"Tobacco use following liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: an underestimated problem.","volume":"11","author":"DiMartini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R8-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20087","article-title":"Tobacco use before and after liver transplantation: a single center survey and implications for clinical practice and research.","volume":"10","author":"Ehlers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R9-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(03)00058-7","article-title":"De novo malignancies in liver transplantation.","volume":"35","author":"Valero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"R10-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20319","article-title":"De novo neoplasia after liver transplantation: an analysis of risk factors and influence on survival.","volume":"11","author":"Herrero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R11-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2005.03.014","article-title":"Incidence of oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas among 1515 patients after liver transplantation.","volume":"41","author":"Scheifele","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"R12-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2006.00397.x","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for the development of lung tumors after liver transplantation.","volume":"20","author":"Jimenez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"R13-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01079.x","article-title":"Negative impact of de novo malignancies rather than alcohol relapse on survival after liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis: a retrospective analysis of 305 patients in a single center.","volume":"102","author":"Dumortier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R14-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V114753","article-title":"Cigarette smoking in renal transplant recipients.","volume":"11","author":"Kasiske","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R15-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200106270-00009","article-title":"Excess risk of renal allograft loss associated with cigarette smoking.","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R16-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(93)71887-3","article-title":"Psychiatric diagnosis and the surgical outcome of pancreas transplantation in patients with type I diabetes mellitus.","volume":"34","author":"Popkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"R18-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200108000-00004","article-title":"2,500 living donor kidney transplants: a singlecenter experience.","volume":"234","author":"Matas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"R19-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0012.2001.150302.x","article-title":"Perioperative cardiac morbidity in kidney transplant recipients: incidence and risk factors.","volume":"15","author":"Humar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"R20-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.8290","article-title":"Clinical risk factors associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients.","volume":"36","author":"Ramsay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R21-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-2498(01)00301-1","article-title":"Bronchogenic carcinoma complicating lung transplantation.","volume":"20","author":"Arcasoy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"R22-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200008000-00006","article-title":"Head and neck cancer in cardiothoracic transplant recipients.","volume":"110","author":"Pollard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"R23-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00077-5","article-title":"Increased cancer risk after liver transplantation: a populationbased study.","volume":"34","author":"Haagsma","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R24-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21166","article-title":"Nonanastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation, part 1: radiological features and risk factors for early vs. late presentation.","volume":"13","author":"Buis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R26-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm764","article-title":"Smoking behaviour of patients before and after renal transplantation.","volume":"23","author":"Banas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R27-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.02.054","article-title":"Risk factors for smoking abuse after heart transplantation.","volume":"36","author":"Basile","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"R28-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(88)90010-X","article-title":"Tobacco smoking: a comparison between alcohol and drug abuse in patients.","volume":"13","author":"Burling","year":"1988","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"R29-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1995.tb03507.x","article-title":"Relationship between alcohol and tobacco dependencies among alcoholics who smoke.","volume":"90","author":"Batel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"R30-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200011150-00012","article-title":"Longterm followup after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease under tacrolimus.","volume":"70","author":"Jain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R31-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200010000-00004","article-title":"Longterm survival after liver transplantation in 4,000 consecutive patients at a single center.","volume":"232","author":"Jain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"R32-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200108270-00010","article-title":"Liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis: long term followup and impact of disease recurrence.","volume":"72","author":"Bellamy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R33-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8613055","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with nonsmoking: a casecontrol study.","volume":"110","author":"Loftus","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R34-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8613056","article-title":"Risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with nonsmoking behavior.","volume":"110","author":"van Erpecum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R35-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.4.567","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, appendectomy, and tonsillectomy as risk factors for the development of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case control study.","volume":"51","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R36-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.036483","article-title":"Epidemiology of appendicectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: its influence on the clinical behaviour of these diseases.","volume":"53","author":"Florin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R37-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.284.6317.706","article-title":"Nonsmoking: a feature of ulcerative colitis.","volume":"284","author":"Harries","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"R38-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198302033080507","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and ulcerative colitis.","volume":"308","author":"Jick","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R39-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536701","article-title":"A metaanalysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"34","author":"Calkins","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R40-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026673811278","article-title":"Oral nicotine in treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a pilot study.","volume":"44","author":"Angulo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R41-13-20250330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200102000-00013","article-title":"No beneficial effects of transdermal nicotine in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: results of a randomized doubleblind placebocontrolled crossover study.","volume":"13","author":"Vleggaar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Liver Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flt.21722","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01445473-200906000-00013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T23:52:39Z","timestamp":1743378759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01445473-200906000-00013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lt.21722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-6465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-6465","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}