{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:36:06Z","timestamp":1761561366050,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":2191,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of donor race on the outcome of black patients with chronic hepatitis C infection who undergo liver transplantation. The records for deceased donor liver transplants that occurred in the United States between January 1998 and December 2007 were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing. 26,212 records contained sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Of these, 11,989 (45.7%) records were for patients positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 1292 (4.9%) were for patients both HCV-positive and black. Black recipients with white donors were found to have significantly worse outcomes than all other recipient-donor race combinations (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The crude 5-year survival rate for black recipients who had a black donor was 14% higher than the 5-year survival rate for black recipients who had a white donor. Multivariate regression analysis determined that a graft from a race-unmatched donor was an independent risk factor for graft failure (hazard ratio = 1.41, 95% confidence interval = 1.11-1.79) among HCV-positive black recipients but not among HCV-negative black recipients after adjustments for donor age, recipient age, cold ischemia time, serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and donor cytomegalovirus status. The observation that race-unmatched grafts are a risk factor in HCV-positive black recipients, but not in HCV-negative black recipients, suggests an alteration of the graft-host relationship by HCV. In conclusion, our results suggest that HCV-positive black recipients who undergo liver transplantation can have increased graft survival if their donors are black, with survival rates approaching those of white liver transplant recipients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,28]],"date-time":"2009-08-28T13:12:29Z","timestamp":1251465149000},"page":"1126-1132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The effect of donor race on the survival of Black Americans undergoing liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis C"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Phillip S.","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Glenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.720","article-title":"Disparities in liver transplantation before and after introduction of the MELD score.","volume":"300","author":"Moylan","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R2-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07494-9","article-title":"Effect of race on outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation: a cohort study.","volume":"359","author":"Nair","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000225689.60335.44","article-title":"Hepatitis C in African Americans.","volume":"41","author":"Pyrsopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R4-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20764","article-title":"Development and validation of a model predicting graft survival after liver transplantation.","volume":"12","author":"Ioannou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R5-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2006.08.012","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and liver transplantation.","volume":"10","author":"Verna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"R6-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.32418","article-title":"The association between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation.","volume":"122","author":"Forman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R7-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2006.01242.x","article-title":"Characteristics associated with liver graft failure: the concept of a donor risk index.","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"R8-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21617","article-title":"Risk of extended criteria donors in hepatitis C viruspositive recipients.","volume":"14","author":"Berenguer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"R9-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21646","article-title":"The natural history of recurrent hepatitis C and what influences this.","volume":"14","author":"Gane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R10-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2111","article-title":"Unusual selection on the KIR3DL1S1 natural killer cell receptor in Africans.","volume":"39","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R11-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2002.33457","article-title":"Role of gender and race mismatch and graft failure in patients undergoing liver transplantation.","volume":"8","author":"Rustgi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R12-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(00)02581-1","article-title":"Does racematched liver transplantation offer any graft survival benefit?","volume":"33","author":"Nair","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"R13-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20708","article-title":"Natural killer cells: primary target for hepatitis C virus immune evasion strategies?","volume":"12","author":"GoldenMason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R14-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097670","article-title":"HLA and NK cell inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"305","author":"Khakoo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R15-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nri981","article-title":"Hepatic T cells and liver tolerance.","volume":"3","author":"Crispe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R16-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21635","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus therapy in liver transplant recipients: response predictors, effect on fibrosis progression, and importance of the initial stage of fibrosis.","volume":"14","author":"Roche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R18-18-20250327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008010078","article-title":"Donor ethnicity influences outcomes following deceaseddonor kidney transplantation in black recipients.","volume":"19","author":"Locke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Liver 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