{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:56:05Z","timestamp":1772240165477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,26]],"date-time":"2011-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Bacteremia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation. The characterization of the microbiological spectrum of bacteremia after liver transplantation may help physicians in choosing the initial empirical antimicrobial therapy for patients presenting with sepsis. The clinical and microbiology records of patients who received liver transplantation from January 1997 to March 2006 were reviewed. One hundred twenty-three of the 737 liver recipients (16.7%) developed bacteremia during the median follow-up period of 5.8 years (interquartile range = 2.5-8.8 years); 92 patients (12.5%) had gram-positive bacteremia (GPB), whereas 47 (6.4%) had gram-negative bacteremia (GNB). Nosocomial bacteremia was significantly more frequent among patients with early-onset GPB or GNB versus patients with late-onset GPB (66.7% versus 23.7%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) or GNB (70.6% versus 20.0%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). Peritonitis (33.3% versus 7.9%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) and wound infections (13.0% versus 0%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04) as sources were more common in patients with early-onset GPB versus patients with late-onset GPB. Likewise, peritonitis was a more common source of early-onset GNB than late-onset GNB (41.2% versus 6.7%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.007). <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic> were the most common pathogens in patients with early-onset GPB, whereas <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> species were most common in patients with late-onset GPB. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and anaerobes were the most common pathogens in patients with early-onset GNB, whereas <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> was most common in patients with late-onset GNB. In conclusion, the microbiological spectra of early-onset and late-onset bacteremias differ, and this should be considered by those determining the initial empirical treatment of liver transplant recipients suspected to have bacteremias. Liver Transpl 17:733-741, 2011. \u00a9 2011 AASLD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,15]],"date-time":"2011-03-15T14:13:16Z","timestamp":1300198396000},"page":"733-741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Spectrum of early-onset and late-onset bacteremias after liver transplantation: Implications for management"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sang-Oh","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung H.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rima C.","family":"Abdel-Massih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymund R.","family":"Razonable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"R1-16-20250124","first-page":"S3S6","article-title":"Introduction: infection in solid organ transplant recipients.","volume":"9","author":"Fishman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"R2-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704709","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000130178.17216.28","article-title":"Surgical site infection in livingdonor liver transplant recipients: a prospective study.","volume":"78","author":"Iinuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R3-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388395","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2001.116666","article-title":"The effect of surgical site infections on outcomes and resource utilization after liver transplantation.","volume":"130","author":"Hollenbeak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"R4-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2008.00315.x","article-title":"Infectious complications in livingdonor liver transplant recipients: a 9year singlecenter experience.","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"R5-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791797","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-10-200211190-00007","article-title":"Health care-associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of communityacquired infections.","volume":"137","author":"Friedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R6-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16441655","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644","article-title":"Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCPSCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest PhysiciansSociety of Critical Care Medicine.","volume":"101","author":"Bone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R7-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794799","DOI":"10.1086\/377540","article-title":"Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with eradicable foci versus noneradicable foci.","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.03.002","article-title":"CDCNHSN surveillance definition of health careassociated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting.","volume":"36","author":"Horan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"R9-16-20250124","first-page":"112121","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for bacteremia in 144 consecutive livingdonor liver transplant recipients.","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"R10-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844849","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20214","article-title":"Bacteremias in liver transplant recipients: shift toward gramnegative bacteria as predominant pathogens.","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R11-16-20250124","first-page":"385388","article-title":"High mortality related with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia after liver transplantation.","volume":"21","author":"TorreCisneros","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R12-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2010.01.017","article-title":"Biliary complications following deceased and living donor liver transplantation: a review.","volume":"42","author":"Duailibi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"R13-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509516","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701824116","article-title":"Bloodstream infection after living donor liver transplantation.","volume":"40","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14-16-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821826","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01700412","article-title":"Predictors and outcome of early versus lateonset major bacterial infections in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus (FK506) as primary immunosuppression.","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Liver Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flt.22296","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flt.22296","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01445473-201106000-00016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T17:08:20Z","timestamp":1737738500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01445473-201106000-00016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lt.22296","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-6465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-6465","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}}}