{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T22:41:34Z","timestamp":1782772894102,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,12]],"date-time":"2013-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Immunosuppressive drugs and other medications may predispose patients to oral diseases. Data on oral mucosal health in recipients of liver transplantation (LT) are limited. We, therefore, recruited 84 LT recipients (64 with chronic liver disease and 20 with acute liver failure) for clinical oral examinations in a cross-sectional, case-control study. Their oral health had been clinically examined before transplantation. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) was assessed in groups with different etiologies of liver disease and in groups with different immunosuppressive medications, and these groups were compared to controls selected from a nationwide survey in Finland (n = 252). Risk factors for OMLs were evaluated with logistic regression. OMLs were more frequent in LT recipients versus controls (43% versus 15%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and the use of steroids raised the prevalence to 53%. Drug-induced gingival overgrowth was the single most common type of lesion, and its prevalence was significantly higher for patients using cyclosporine A (CSA; 29%) versus patients using tacrolimus (TAC; 5%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.007); the prevalence was even higher with the simultaneous use of calcium channel blockers and CSA (47%) or TAC (8%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002). Lesions with malignant potential such as drug-induced lichenoid reactions, oral lichen planus\u2013like lesions, leukoplakias, and ulcers occurred in 13% of the patients with chronic liver disease and in 6% of the controls. Every third patient with chronic liver disease had reduced salivary flow, and more than half of all patients were positive for <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>; this risk was higher with steroids. In conclusion, the high frequency of OMLs among LT recipients can be explained not only by immunosuppressive drugs but also by other medications. Because dry mouth affects oral health and OMLs may have the potential for malignant transformation, annual oral examinations are indicated. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Liver Transpl 20:72\u201380, 2014<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 AASLD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]],"date-time":"2013-10-18T17:13:16Z","timestamp":1382116396000},"page":"72-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Oral mucosal health in liver transplant recipients and controls"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jaana","family":"Helenius-Hietala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hellevi","family":"Ruokonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Gr\u00f6nroos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Rissanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miira M.","family":"Vehkalahti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liisa","family":"Suominen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Isoniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jukka H.","family":"Meurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-10-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01601.x","article-title":"Gingival overgrowth in subjects under immunosuppressive regimens based on cyclosporine, tacrolimus, or sirolimus.","volume":"37","author":"Cota","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R2-10-20250124","first-page":"001","article-title":"Oral diseases and liver pre and posttransplantation disorders.","volume":"S1","author":"Lins Kusterer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Transplant Technol Res"},{"key":"R3-10-20250124","first-page":"7276","article-title":"Dental health in liver transplant patients.","volume":"10","author":"DiazOrtiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"R4-10-20250124","first-page":"2833","article-title":"Local presence of cytomegalovirus and Candida species vs oral lesions in liver and kidney transplant recipients.","volume":"13","author":"OlczakKowalczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Transplant"},{"key":"R5-10-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552556","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.4.552","article-title":"An unusual oral chronic graftversushost diseaselike syndrome following a liver transplant.","volume":"74","author":"Bunetel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R6-10-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10051008","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-002-1186-0","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus hepatitis 4 years after liver transplantation.","volume":"38","author":"Bissig","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R7-10-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28752878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2007.09.018","article-title":"Influence of oral hygiene habits on prosthetic stomatitis complicated by mucosal infection after organ transplantation.","volume":"39","author":"Golecka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"R8-10-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2012.01925.x","article-title":"Orofacial diseases in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.","volume":"19","author":"Petti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R9-10-20250124","first-page":"155163","article-title":"Selfreported oral symptoms and signs in liver transplant recipients and a control population.","volume":"19","author":"HeleniusHietala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R10-10-20250124","first-page":"271278","article-title":"Increased infection risk postliver transplant without pretransplant dental treatment.","volume":"19","author":"HeleniusHietala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R11-10-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8790","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(02)00009-X","article-title":"Rapid progression from oral leukoplakia to carcinoma in an immunosuppressed liver transplant recipient.","volume":"39","author":"Hernandez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"R14-10-20250124","first-page":"35S40S","article-title":"; for University of Southern California School of Dentistry. Measuring salivary flow: challenges and opportunities.","volume":"139","author":"Navazesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R15-10-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270275","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(86)90007-1","article-title":"Changes in the protein composition of whole saliva during radiotherapy in patients with oral or pharyngeal cancer.","volume":"62","author":"Makkonen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"R16-10-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603769","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/603769","article-title":"Integrity of the oral tissues in patients with solidorgan transplants.","volume":"2012","author":"Rojas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Transplant"},{"key":"R17-10-20250124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00774.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of periodontal therapy on the severity of cyclosporin Ainduced gingival 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Infections.","volume":"39","author":"Meurman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent Update"}],"container-title":["Liver Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flt.23778","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lt.23778","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lt.23778","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01445473-201401000-00010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T17:23:00Z","timestamp":1737739380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01445473-201401000-00010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lt.23778","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-6465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-6465","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}}}