{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:07:43Z","timestamp":1792123663787,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver Transpl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. Despite a high prevalence of de novo hepatic steatosis after liver transplantation (LT), there are no data exploring the association between hepatic steatosis after LT and atherogenic risk. The aim of the study was to explore the impact of hepatic steatosis on serum atherogenic markers in liver transplantation recipients (LTRs). Biomarkers of CVD risk were compared in 89 LTRs with no known history of dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, or graft cirrhosis. To avoid potential confounders, LTRs on oral hypoglycemic agents, exogenous insulin, corticosteroids, or lipid\u2010lowering therapy were excluded. Only patients for whom histological assessment was available after LT were included in the study. Thirty\u2010five LTRs had de novo hepatic steatosis after LT, whereas 54 did not. Both cohorts were similar with regards to age, sex, ethnicity, and follow\u2010up from LT. Additionally, the traditional lipid profile was similar between the 2 cohorts. LTRs with hepatic steatosis had higher serum concentrations of small\u2010dense low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL\u2010C; 34.8 \u00b1 16.9 versus 22.7 \u00b1 11.2 mg\/dL; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), sdLDL\u2010C to low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio  (32.6 \u00b1 11.6 versus 24.6 \u00b1 10.2; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), small\u2010dense low\u2010density lipoprotein particle concentration (sdLDL\u2010P; 770 \u00b1 440 versus 486 \u00b1 402 nmol\/L; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), very low density lipoprotein particle concentration (VLDL\u2010P; 7.90 \u00b1 7.91 versus 3.86 \u00b1 3.18 nmol\/L; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), and very low density lipoprotein size (VLDL\u2010size; 51.9 \u00b1 6.4 versus 48.7 \u00b1 6.3 nm; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.06). LTRs with hepatic steatosis had higher serum insulin concentrations (27.8 \u00b1 41.8 versus 11.7 \u00b1 7.8 uU\/mL; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) but similar fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c. Steatosis grade was directly related to sdLDL\u2010C, sdLDL\u2010P, insulin, VLDL\u2010P, and VLDL\u2010size. In multivariate analysis, the association between steatosis grade and sdLDL\u2010C (\u03b2 = 0.03; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.029), VLDL\u2010size (\u03b2 = 0.316; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04), and low\u2010density lipoprotein particle size (\u03b2 = \u20130.27; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.05) was independent of sex, body mass index, age, diabetes mellitus, time from transplant, and indication for LT. In conclusion, de novo hepatic steatosis after LT is associated with atherogenic lipoproteins and independent of traditional CVD risk factors. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Liver Transpl 21:1395\u20101402, 2015<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2015 AASLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]],"date-time":"2015-07-30T23:05:30Z","timestamp":1438297530000},"page":"1395-1402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["De novo hepatic steatosis drives atherogenic risk in liver transplantation recipients"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Michael O.","family":"Idowu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Chhatrala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Bilal","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine,University of Texas Medical School,Houston,TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Todd","family":"Stravitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun J.","family":"Sanyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Bhati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplant Surgery,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Sargeant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velimir A.","family":"Luketic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Sterling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Contos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Matherly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puneet","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Shadab","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"lt24223-bib-0001-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199503270-00010","article-title":"The prevalence of coronary artery disease in liver transplant candidates over age 50","volume":"59","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0002-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.089","article-title":"Cardiac hemodynamic and coronary angiographic characteristics of patients being evaluated for liver transplantation","volume":"98","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0003-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27766","article-title":"Toward a more complete understanding of the association between a hepatitis C sustained viral response and cause\u2010specific outcomes","volume":"62","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0004-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25508","article-title":"Carotid atherosclerosis and chronic hepatitis C: a prospective study of risk associations","volume":"55","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0005-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912063","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"363","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0006-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25762","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association","volume":"55","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0007-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04724.x","article-title":"Systematic review: The epidemiology and natural history of non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease and non\u2010alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults","volume":"34","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0008-20240115","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and progression to cirrhosis are associated with atherogenic lipoprotein profile","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0009-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.565135","article-title":"Low\u2010density lipoprotein and high\u2010density lipoprotein particle subclasses predict coronary events and are favorably changed by gemfibrozil therapy in the Veterans Affairs High\u2010Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial","volume":"113","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0010-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2007.10.001","article-title":"LDL particle number and risk of future cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study \u2010 Implications for LDL management","volume":"1","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0011-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.27084","article-title":"Analysis of causes of death in liver transplant recipients who survived more than 3 years","volume":"7","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0012-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03126.x","article-title":"Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post\u2010liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long\u2010term follow\u2010up study","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0013-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(03)00640-7","article-title":"Cardiovascular morbidity and obesity in adult liver transplant recipients","volume":"35","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0014-20240115","first-page":"323","article-title":"Long\u2010term medical complications and quality of life in adult recipients surviving 10 years or more after liver transplantation","volume":"68","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Belg"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0015-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24100","article-title":"Evolution of the serum atherogenic risk in liver transplant recipients; role of lipoproteins, metabolic and inflammatory markers","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0016-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.061","article-title":"Frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States","volume":"141","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0017-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.23011","article-title":"Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after orthotopic liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis","volume":"7","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0018-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.05.037","article-title":"Cholesterol synthesis is increased and absorption decreased in non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of obesity","volume":"54","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0019-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23621","article-title":"Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"115","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0020-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23116","article-title":"Importance of changes in adipose tissue insulin resistance to histological response during thiazolidinedione treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"50","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"pt 5","key":"lt24223-bib-0021-20240115","first-page":"1066","article-title":"Triacylglycerol\u2010rich lipoproteins and the generation of small, dense low\u2010density lipoprotein","volume":"31","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"lt24223-bib-0022-20240115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.875807","article-title":"Apolipoprotein C\u2010III and the metabolic basis for hypertriglyceridemia and the dense low\u2010density lipoprotein phenotype","volume":"121","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Liver Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flt.24223","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flt.24223","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01445473-201511000-00009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T01:23:28Z","timestamp":1705281808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01445473-201511000-00009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lt.24223","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-6465","1527-6473"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-6465","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-6473","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]}}}