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The evolution of innate and adaptive immune response during and after cure of HCV LT is unknown. We studied 74 protein biomarkers in the plasma of LT patients receiving antiviral therapy. In addition, deep immune phenotyping of both the myeloid and lymphoid immune cell subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was performed. We found that LT patients with active HCV infection displayed distinct alterations of inflammatory protein biomarkers, such as C\u2010X\u2010Cmotif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), caspase 8, C\u2010C motif chemokine 20 (CCL20), CCL19, interferon \u03b3, CUB domain\u2010containing protein 1 (CDCP1), interleukin (IL)\u201018R1, CXCL11, CCL3, IL8, IL12B, tumor necrosis factor\u2010beta, CXCL6, osteoprotegerin, IL10, fms\u2010related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, urokinase\u2010type plasminogen activator, neurotrophin\u20103, CCL4, IL6, tumornecrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9, programmed death ligand 1, IL18, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and enrichment of peripheral immune cell subsets unlike patients without HCV infection who received transplants. Interestingly, patients who cleared HCV after LT did not normalize the altered inflammatory milieu nor did the peripheral immune cell subsets normalize to what would be seen in the absence of HCV recurrence. Overall, these data indicate that HCV\u2010specific imprints on inflammatory analytes and immune cell subsets after LT are not completely normalized by therapy\u2010induced HCV elimination. This is in line with the clinical observation that cure of HCV after LT did not trigger rejection episodes in many patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T07:50:06Z","timestamp":1614498606000},"page":"887-899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Distinct Immune Imprints of Post\u2013Liver Transplantation Hepatitis C Persist Despite Viral Clearance"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Amare","family":"Aregay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0972-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastian","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Port","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian W.R.","family":"Vondran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Bremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Niehaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanvi","family":"Khera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Essen University Hospital,University of Duisburg\u2010Essen,Essen,Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Jaeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"},{"name":"Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Transplantation,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3706-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Cornberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, DZIF, partner\u2010site Hannover\u2010Braunschweig,Hannover,Germany"},{"name":"Centre for individualized infection medicine (CIIM),Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9270-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Taubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany"},{"name":"Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Transplantation,Hannover Medical 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