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Additionally, these hydrogels are loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP\u20102) and their performance is compared in healthy and osteoporotic bone conditions. Treatment groups comprise internal plate fixation and placement of a PTFE tube containing hydrogel (HA<jats:sub>BP<\/jats:sub>\u2010CaP) or hydrogel loaded with BMP\u20102 in two dosages (HA<jats:sub>BP<\/jats:sub>\u2010CaP\u2010lowBMP2 or HA<jats:sub>BP<\/jats:sub>\u2010CaP\u2010highBMP2). Twelve weeks after bone defect surgery, bone formation is analyzed by X\u2010ray examination, micro\u2010CT analysis, and histomorphometry. The data show that critical size, segmental femoral bone defects cannot be healed with HA<jats:sub>BP<\/jats:sub>\u2010CaP gel alone. Loading of the HA<jats:sub>BP<\/jats:sub>\u2010CaP gel with low dose BMP\u20102 significantly improve bone formation and resulted in defect bridging in 100% of the defects. Alternatively, high dose BMP\u20102 loading of the HA<jats:sub>BP<\/jats:sub>\u2010CaP gel does not improve bone formation within the defect area, but leads to excessive bone formation outside the defect area. Bone defect healing is not affected by osteoporotic bone conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202100088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T10:32:52Z","timestamp":1623493972000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Regenerating Critical Size Rat Segmental Bone Defects with a Self\u2010Healing Hybrid Nanocomposite Hydrogel: Effect of Bone Condition and BMP\u20102 Incorporation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Claire I. 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