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A 3D\u2010printed polycaprolactone (PCL) nerve guide using an aligned gelatin\u2010poly(3\u2010hydroxybutyrate\u2010<jats:italic>co<\/jats:italic>\u20103\u2010hydroxyvalerate) electrospun mat, seeded with PC12 and Schwann cells (SCs) is produced. During characterization with microCT and SEM porosity (55%), pore sizes (675\u00a0\u00b1 40\u00a0\u00b5m), and fiber diameters (382\u00a0\u00b1 25\u00a0\u00b5m) are determined. Electrospun fibers have degree of alignment of 7\u00b0, indicating high potential for guidance. On Day 14, PC12 cells migrated from proximal to distal end of nerve guide when SCs are seeded on the guide. After 28 days, over 95% of PC12 are alive and aligned. PC12 cells express early differentiation marker beta\u2010tubulin 10 times more than late marker NeuN. In a 10\u00a0mm rat sciatic nerve injury, functional recovery evaluated by using static sciatic index (SSI) is observed in mat\u2010free guides and guides containing mat and SCs. Nerve conduction velocities are also improved in these groups. Histological stainings showed tissue growth around nerve guides with highest new tissue organization being observed with mat and cell\u2010free guides. These suggest 3D\u2010printed PCL nerve guides have significant potential for treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202100389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T10:40:15Z","timestamp":1640256015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Fabrication of a 3D Printed PCL Nerve Guide: In Vitro and In Vivo Testing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7832-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tugba","family":"Dursun Usal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle East Technical University (METU) BIOMATEN Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering  Ankara 06800 Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Middle East Technical University (METU)  Ankara 06800 Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University (METU)  Ankara 06800 Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metin","family":"Yesiltepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Medical Pharmacology  Ankara 06100 Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deniz","family":"Yucel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle East Technical University (METU) BIOMATEN Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering  Ankara 06800 Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology Ac\u0131badem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University (ACU)  Istanbul 34755 Turkey"},{"name":"ACU Biomaterials Center Ac\u0131badem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University (ACU)  Istanbul 34755 Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","family":"Sara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Medical Pharmacology  Ankara 06100 Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasif","family":"Hasirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle East Technical University (METU) BIOMATEN Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering  Ankara 06800 Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Middle East Technical University (METU)  Ankara 06800 Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University (METU)  Ankara 06800 Turkey"},{"name":"ACU Biomaterials Center Ac\u0131badem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University (ACU)  Istanbul 34755 Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering Ac\u0131badem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University (ACU)  Istanbul 34755 Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00655"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2013.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/698256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.99891-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"4175293","volume":"2016","author":"Houschyar K. 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