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Cellulose nanofibers are investigated as hemostatic materials with most studies focusing on oxidized cellulose\u2010derived hemostats. The recent studies demonstrate that by optimizing the morphological properties of nonoxidized cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) enhanced hemostasis is achieved. Herein, the hemostatic and wound\u2010healing properties of CNFs with optimized morphology using two forms, gel, and sponge is investigated. In vitro thromboelastometry studies demonstrate that CNFs reduce clotting time by 68% (\u00b1SE 2%) and 88% (\u00b1SE 5%) in gel and sponge forms, respectively. In an in vivo murine liver injury model, CNFs significantly reduce blood loss by 38% (\u00b1SE 10%). The pH\u2010neutral CNFs do not damage red blood cells, nor do they impede the proliferation of fibroblast or endothelial cells. Subcutaneously\u2010implanted CNFs show a foreign body reaction resolving with the degradation of CNFs on histological examination and there is no scarring in the skin after 8 weeks. Demonstrating superior hemostatic performance in a variety of forms, as well as biocompatibility and biodegradability, CNFs hold significant potential for use in surgical and first\u2010aid environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202200222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T07:04:25Z","timestamp":1659164665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Superior Hemostatic and Wound\u2010Healing Properties of Gel and Sponge Forms of Nonoxidized Cellulose Nanofibers: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3898-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmira","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering College of Engineering and Computer Science The Australian National University  Acton ACT 2601 Australia"},{"name":"ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University  Acton ACT 2601 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University  Acton ACT 2601 Australia"},{"name":"The Graeme Clark Institute The University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC 3010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Crispin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University  Acton ACT 2601 Australia"},{"name":"Haematology Department The Canberra Hospital, Yamba Dr  Garran ACT 2605 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ailene","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery The Canberra Hospital, Yamba Dr  Garran ACT 2605 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Dahlstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACT Pathology The Canberra Hospital, Yamba Dr  Garran ACT 2605 Australia"},{"name":"Medical School College of Health and Medicine The Australian National University  Acton ACT 2601 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Services Team The Australian National University  Acton ACT 2601 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Nisbet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University  Acton ACT 2601 Australia"},{"name":"The Graeme Clark Institute The University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC 3010 Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology The University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC 3010 Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science The University of Melbourne  Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2002-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Tsuzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering College of Engineering and Computer Science The Australian National University  Acton ACT 2601 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy A.","family":"Coupland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University  Acton ACT 2601 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/traumamon.26023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Platelets","author":"Michelson A. 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