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This formulation achieves the necessary viscosity for extrusion\u2010based three\u2010dimensional (3D) printing of scaffolds intended for bone regeneration. After thorough optimization of the hybrid bioink system with Gel, three distinct scaffold groups are investigated in vitro: 0%, 3%, and 6% (w\/v) Gel. These scaffold groups are examined for their morphology, mechanical strength, biodegradation, in vitro cell proliferation and differentiation, and in vivo bone formation using a rat cranial defect model. Among these scaffold compositions, the 3% Gel scaffold exhibits the most favorable characteristics, prompting further evaluation as a rat mesenchymal stem cell (rMSC) carrier in a critical\u2010size cranial defect within a Lewis rat model. The compressive strength of all three scaffold groups range between 1 and 2\u00a0MPa. Notably, the inclusion of Gel in the scaffolds leads to enhanced bioactivity and cell adhesion. The Gel\u2010containing scaffolds notably amplify osteogenic differentiation, as evidenced by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Western blot analyses. The in vivo results, as depicted by microcomputed tomography, showcase augmented osteogenesis within cell\u2010seeded scaffolds, thus validating this innovative PEGDMA\u2010based scaffold system as a promising candidate for cranial bone defect healing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202300414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T01:59:36Z","timestamp":1701395976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of 3D Printed Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Dimethacrylate\u2010Based Photocurable Hydrogel Platform for Bone Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Janitha M.","family":"Unagolla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Program Colleges of Engineering and Medicine University of Toledo  Toledo OH 43606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bipin","family":"Gaihre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Program Colleges of Engineering and Medicine University of Toledo  Toledo OH 43606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6171-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambalangodage C.","family":"Jayasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Program Colleges of Engineering and Medicine University of Toledo  Toledo OH 43606 USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery College of Medicine and Life Sciences 3000 Arlington Avenue University of Toledo  Toledo OH 43614 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14102524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2017.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103850"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am501048n"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10070831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33432"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/863157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00106-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020298"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20210126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2019.100479"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-015-1921-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201400305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2015.02.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031841"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.08.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25643-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.07.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","volume":"8","author":"Cao H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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