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Replacement with a tracheal substitute is often recommended when the trauma exceeds 50% of the total length of the trachea in adults and 30% in children. Recently, tissue engineering and other advanced techniques have shown promise in fabricating biocompatible tracheal substitutes with physical, morphological, biomechanical, and biological characteristics similar to native trachea. Different polymers and biometals are explored. Even with limited success with tissue\u2010engineered grafts in clinical settings, complete healing of tracheal defects remains a substantial challenge due to low mechanical strength and durability of the graft materials, inadequate re\u2010epithelialization and vascularization, and restenosis. This review has covered a range of reconstructive and regenerative techniques, design criteria, the use of bioprostheses and synthetic grafts for the recovery of tracheal defects, as well as the traditional and cutting\u2010edge methods of their fabrication, surface modification for increased immuno\u2010 or biocompatibility, and associated challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202400054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T20:29:28Z","timestamp":1721075368000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Tracheal Substitutes for the Recovery of Long\u2010Segment Defects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4296-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kausik","family":"Kapat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Devices National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata  168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi Kolkata West Bengal 700054 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashil","family":"Gondane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Devices National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata  168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi Kolkata West Bengal 700054 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakshi","family":"Kumbhakarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Devices National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata  168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi Kolkata West Bengal 700054 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Takle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Devices National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata  168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi Kolkata West Bengal 700054 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Sable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Devices National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata  168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi Kolkata West Bengal 700054 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2013.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-56716-9.00014-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11070618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2004.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","author":"Walton S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tracheal Reconstruction"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000808"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v5.i4.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume":"2","author":"Haykal S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in tracheal reconstruction, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"V. 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