{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:27:23Z","timestamp":1780496843057,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Macromolecular Bioscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The COVID\u201019 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 has highlighted the critical need for safe and effective vaccines. In this study, subunit nanovaccine formulations were developed using the receptor\u2010binding domain (RBD) of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike (S) protein encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles composed of poly(ethylene glycol)\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>block<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010poly(\u03b5\u2010caprolactone) (PEG\u2010PCL). Two surfactants, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium cholate (SC), were evaluated during formulation via a modified water\u2010in\u2010oil\u2010in\u2010water (w\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/o\/w\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) emulsion\u2010solvent evaporation method. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, and morphology. Optimized nanoparticles exhibited sizes below 300 nm, polydispersity indices less than 0.3, surface charges between \u00b110\u201320 mV, and encapsulation efficiencies exceeding 80%. SDS\u2010PAGE confirmed structural integrity of the RBD, while in vitro release studies demonstrated sustained antigen release over time. Cellular response was assessed by measuring nitric oxide (NO) levels in dendritic cells, indicating comparable levels of cellular activation for both PVA\u2010 and SC\u2010containing formulations. These findings demonstrate the potential of PEG\u2010PCL\u2010based nanovaccine systems for safe and stable delivery of viral antigens, offering a promising strategy for future vaccine development against COVID\u201019 and related pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202500397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T15:40:07Z","timestamp":1757346007000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of Receptor\u2010Binding Domain (RBD)\u2010Loaded PEG\u2010PCL Nanoparticle Formulations Against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sena","family":"Ay\u00e7i\u00e7ek Can","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy Ankara University  Tandogan, Ankara Turkey"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences Ankara University  Ankara 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