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Cellular uptake studies using CCD841 showed time\u2010dependent internalization, while cytotoxicity assays confirmed over 80% cell viability, indicating biocompatibility. The fabricated hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Aloe vera (AV) based DMN had a pyramidal shape with a height of 464.25 \u00b1 1.48\u00a0\u00b5m. Permeability studies revealed a sustained release profile in SIF for both layer\u2010coated liposomes (80.08% \u00b1 3.02) and DMN\u2010containing layer\u2010coated liposomes (75.06% \u00b1 1.06). In contrast, a burst release in SGF for layer\u2010coated liposomes and for DMNs is attributed to charge interactions and polymer solubility. Enteric\u2010coated capsules demonstrated no insulin release in SGF for 1 h, indicating effective gastric protection. The release for an enteric\u2010coated capsule containing DMN infused with layer\u2010coated liposomes in SIF reached 79.24% \u00b1 1.22, mirroring the release profile of DMNs. This multilayered system effectively protects insulin from gastric degradation, facilitates delivery of insulin to the intestine, and achieves a sustained release profile, offering a promising strategy for oral insulin delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202500661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T12:18:15Z","timestamp":1772972295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Design and Evaluation of Chitosan\u2010Coated Liposomal Microneedle Capsules for Oral Insulin Delivery: A Proof of Concept"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kirthana","family":"Gopal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melbha 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