{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:13:34Z","timestamp":1783462414523,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003382","name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Macromolecular Bioscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Colorimetric nucleic acid sensing platforms offer attractive advantages for low\u2010instrumentation detection; however, their performance is strongly governed by the nature of macromolecular interactions involved in signal transduction. In this work, we present a comparative evaluation of two distinct colorimetric sensing strategies, gold nanoparticle (Au NP) agglomeration and toluidine blue O (TBO)\u2010based metachromasia for oligonucleotide detection using synthetic, amplification\u2010relevant targets. Specific oligonucleotide sequences derived from hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1 and 3 have been employed as representative model targets to enable controlled assessment of sequence discrimination and sensing behavior. Target oligonucleotides are selectively captured on probe\u2010functionalized magnetite nanoparticles, followed by strand separation and release of single\u2010stranded complementary DNA (cDNA) for downstream colorimetric detection. In the Au NP\u2010based system, target\u2010induced electrostatic screening and bridging effects have led to nanoparticle agglomeration, resulting in characteristic localized surface plasmon resonance shifts observable by UV\u2010visible spectroscopy. In contrast, the TBO\u2010based system has exhibited concentration\u2010dependent metachromatic responses arising from electrostatically driven association and agglomeration of the cationic dye along the negatively charged phosphate backbone of the released cDNA. Direct comparison under identical experimental conditions revealed distinct differences in sensitivity, signal evolution, and sequence discrimination between the two platforms, highlighting how fundamentally different macromolecular interaction pathways govern colorimetric response generation. Rather than constituting a disease\u2010specific diagnostic assay, this study provides mechanistic and design\u2010level insights into post\u2010amplification\u2010compatible colorimetric oligonucleotide sensing, offering a generalizable framework for the rational development of colorimetric nucleic acid sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202600001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T04:18:14Z","timestamp":1779941894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Colorimetric Oligonucleotide Sensing using Gold Nanoparticles and Toluidine Blue O: Insights from Representative Viral Sequences"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Debarun","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Hyderabad Campus  Hyderabad Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramakrishnan","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Hyderabad Campus  Hyderabad Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6159-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayati","family":"Ray Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Hyderabad Campus  Hyderabad Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2403.03008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"WHO \u201cHepatitis C\u201d (2025) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/hepatitis\u2010c."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cCare and Treatment of Persons Diagnosed with Chronic hepatitis C Virus Infection: Policy Brief (No. WHO\/CDS\/HIV\/18.44)\u201d (World Health Organization 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1850_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmhg.2015.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(19)32320\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26744"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262\u2010013\u20100905\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02831\u201014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.12.391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Guidelines for the care and treatment of persons diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus infection 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01122\u201006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4545\u20104551.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2046\u20102050.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166\u20100934(96)02162\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201022614\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201042605\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00482"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2001178"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604\u2010019\u20103685\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN02481C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13404\u2010025\u201000362\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN00590A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm\u20102013\u20100521"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2013.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051\u2010019\u20104621\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c02630"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2003.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b204385h"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20100032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c07636"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201800782"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp066555j"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2022.112463"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2021.109888"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.1c00952"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202300015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1180448"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2013.01.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.144765"}],"container-title":["Macromolecular Bioscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mabi.202600001","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mabi.202600001","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mabi.202600001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T21:14:45Z","timestamp":1783458885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mabi.202600001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mabi.202600001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mabi.202600001","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1616-5187","1616-5195"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1616-5187","type":"print"},{"value":"1616-5195","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00001"}}