{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:17:28Z","timestamp":1787840248429,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 114\u20102637\u2010E\u2010027\u2010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114\u20102637\u2010E\u2010027\u2010005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Macromolecular Bioscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Due to the high host specificity of bacteriophages, a single\u2010phage superparamagnetic nanoprobe can only detect one bacterial species at a time. In this study, we developed a series of dual\u2010phage magnetic nanoprobes and performed a series of evaluations to identify the optimal formulation. Phages specific to\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    were chemically conjugated to superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The lytic activity of each phage was assessed individually and in combination. Six single\u2010phage nanoprobes and nine dual\u2010phage nanoprobes with different phage loading levels were prepared. The lowest detectable bacterial concentration and the number of bacteria captured by each probe were subsequently determined. We developed a dual\u2010phage superparamagnetic nanoprobe with high sensitivity and a detection limit of 10\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/mL for either bacterium. The optimal probe contained 10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    PFU\/mL of each phage. Increasing the phage loading beyond this level reduced bacterial capture efficiency. Additionally, the number of P\u2010phages that could be conjugated to nanoparticles decreased when a high concentration of S\u2010phages was present. No cross\u2010infection between phages and non\u2010target bacteria was observed, minimizing the risk of false\u2010positive detection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.70237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T12:55:11Z","timestamp":1786193711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of Dual\u2010Bacteriophage Magnetic Nanoprobe for the Detection of\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jun\u2010Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin\u2010Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b02175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.111896"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201079573\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2023.2285187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2013.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770\u2010022\u201000462\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols, Volume 1: Isolation, Characterization, and Interactions. Methods in Molecular Biology 501","author":"Clokie M. R. J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/Ijn.S34348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la200102z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030478"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2004.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b01549"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2020.166680"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"54","volume-title":"Release of Genetically Engineered and Other Micro\u2010Organisms","author":"Kokjohn T. A.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.93.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110813"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking\u2010water Safety: The Significance of HPCs for Water Quality and Human Health","author":"Robertson W.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201014811\u20105"}],"container-title":["Macromolecular Bioscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mabi.70237","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mabi.70237","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mabi.70237","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:18:20Z","timestamp":1787836700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mabi.70237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mabi.70237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mabi.70237","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1616-5187","1616-5195"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1616-5187","type":"print"},{"value":"1616-5195","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70237"}}