{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:17:17Z","timestamp":1787840237446,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Macromolecular Bioscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Injectable hydrogels offer a minimally invasive approach for cartilage repair, enabling precise defect filling and in situ scaffold formation; however, balancing mechanical strength with stem cell viability and chondrogenic differentiation remains challenging. Here, alginate dialdehyde\u2010gelatin (ADAG) hydrogels are reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) to enhance mechanical performance while retaining injectability, rapid self\u2010healing, and chondroinductive properties. FTIR spectroscopy confirms efficient Schiff base cross\u2010linking between ADA and gelatin, with CNF incorporation preserving chemical integrity. SEM imaging revealed a porous, interconnected architecture, with the 9:1 (ADAG: CNF, v\/v) hydrogel exhibiting a more homogeneous and compact network structure, similar to ADAG. Optimization identifies 9:1 and 8:2 ratios as maintaining crosslinking density, while 7:3 ratio slightly disrupts uniformity but retains fast gelation (&lt;5\u00a0min) and smooth injectability. CNF reinforcement markedly enhanced mechanical properties, as evidenced by increased storage modulus (0.007\u00a0MPa) and compressive modulus (0.006\u00a0MPa). The hydrogels exhibit high self\u2010healing efficiency (98%) and support robust proliferation of human bone marrow\u2010derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biochemical and gene\u2010expression analyses show enhanced glycosaminoglycan and collagen deposition, upregulation of chondrogenic markers (SOX9, COL2A1, ACAN), and low COL1A1 expression. Overall, CNF\u2010reinforced ADAG hydrogels combine cytocompatibility, mechanical resilience, injectability, and chondroinductive potential, highlighting suitability for stem cell\u2010mediated cartilage tissue engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.70243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T02:07:10Z","timestamp":1786932430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mesenchymal Stem Cell\u2010Laden Nanofibril\u2010Reinforced Injectable and Self\u2010Healing Alginate Dialdehyde\/Gelatin Hydrogels with Enhanced Mechanical and Chondrogenic Performance In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2040-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjali","family":"Sudha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering Alabama State University  Montgomery Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9149-6045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amrita","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering Alabama State University  Montgomery Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3891-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harmony","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering Alabama State University  Montgomery Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyeriah","family":"Haynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering Alabama State University  Montgomery Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineeth M","family":"Vijayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering Alabama State University  Montgomery Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9971-940X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roderquita K.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) USDA  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0163-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derrick","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering Alabama State University  Montgomery Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/AGINGADV.AGINGADV\u2010D\u201025\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634\u2010022\u201000498\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2024.0300"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u2010443\u201029260\u20106.00005\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c02618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB00287G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202000138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112470"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c23252"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11050415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130666"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201800256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.1c01063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570\u2010023\u201005058\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202300641"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570\u2010021\u201004229\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.115902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201570065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6QM00066E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204\u2010015\u20100041\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-025-06477-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.129081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146918"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.Neivandt C.Eme andA.Cline \u201cPreserving the Nano\u2010Scale Morphology of Cellulose Nanofiber via Drying Under High Shear Conditions \u201d 03 December (2024) PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Squarehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5507038\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5507038\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2022.107562"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2019.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2024.213857"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10070422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/jabfm.5000302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB02691C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10100649"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.787538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.954501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/JFB13020071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.6193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128449"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35541"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.3c01676"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB00287G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2016.0306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142\u20109612(92)90001\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5c01832"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2017.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113608"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c00351"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15041010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202100025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c00818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/prechem.3c00056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2023.0346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c01902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11040329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2019152118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891\u2010022\u201005958\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SM00617H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S274418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201000690\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.02.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.736213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266\u2010023\u201003292\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c16374"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202300651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbm.2025.100164"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbab030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB00397G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186692"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071765"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c10751"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311438"}],"container-title":["Macromolecular Bioscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mabi.70243","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mabi.70243","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mabi.70243","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:18:01Z","timestamp":1787836681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mabi.70243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mabi.70243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mabi.70243","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1616-5187","1616-5195"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1616-5187","type":"print"},{"value":"1616-5195","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70243"}}