{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:03:07Z","timestamp":1790809387466,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51803154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51803154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020CFB646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CFB646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Macromolecular Bioscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Silk nanofibrils (SNF) demonstrate substantial potential as biomedical materials and biomineralization templates as a result of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and resemblance to ECM structural proteins. However, a typical drawback is that the domesticated silk nanofibrils lack sufficient biological functional sites such as cationic groups that are beneficial for increasing cell adhesion, inhibiting bacterial growth, and promoting mineralized deposition. In this study, we developed a cationic SNF with dual functionalities of antibacterial properties and enhanced biomineralization using natural polysaccharide chitosan (CS) and synthetic polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI). The successful cationization of SNF was demonstrated through zeta potential measurement, XPS analysis, and antibacterial performance testing. Compared with polyethyleneimine modification, the CS\u2010modified SNF exhibited superior cytocompatibility, highlighting the advantages of functionalizing proteins with natural cationized polysaccharides. Furthermore, the CS\u2010modified SNF significantly accelerated the biomineralization process, enabling the formation of a uniform flower\u2010like hydroxyapatite structure within 3 days in a 1.5 times simulated body fluid. This study offers a facile strategy for the surface functionalization of natural silk nanofibrils, thereby expanding the application of silks as functional biomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.70269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:06:29Z","timestamp":1790805989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cationization of Silk Nanofibrils for Antibacterial Applications and Enhanced Biomineralization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7595-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Intelligent Textile Materials &amp; Application School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Intelligent Textile Materials &amp; Application School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing School of Textile Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiannan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Silk Products in Medical and Health Use Soochow University  Suzhou P. R. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5984-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renchuan","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing School of Textile Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3635-3444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiufang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Intelligent Textile Materials &amp; Application School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University  Wuhan P. R. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11020167","article-title":"Silk Fibroin Materials: Biomedical Applications and Perspectives","volume":"11","author":"De Giorgio G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8GC01609G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"11860","volume-title":"ACS Nano","author":"Niu Q.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"1509","volume-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews\u2010Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology","author":"Humenik M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00442"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.139554"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1021\/acspolymersau.3c00050","article-title":"Silk Fibroin and its Nanocomposites for Wound Care: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"4","author":"Indrakumar S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Polymers Au"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202500066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142941"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c02042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2025.112226","article-title":"Fluorinated Cationization AIE Photosensitizers for Dual\u2010Mode Antibacterial Action and Bacterial Imaging","volume":"37","author":"Long S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chinese Chemical Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2024.106710","article-title":"Silk Fibroin\u2010Based Dressings With Antibacterial and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Properties","volume":"195","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Restrepo D.","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NJ06055H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13203592"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Spermine\u2010Modified Antheraea pernyi Silk Fibroin as a Gene Delivery Carrier","volume":"11","author":"Yu Y.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Nanomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB01424H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32850","article-title":"Modified Five Times Simulated Body Fluid for Efficient Biomimetic Mineralization","volume":"10","author":"Fu K.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"905","article-title":"Physicochemical Characterization of Nanohydroxyapatite Powder in Simulated Body Fluid Immersion: A Pilot Study","volume":"16","author":"Harsas N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820240607"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5c01006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853\u2010018\u20102635\u20103"},{"issue":"41","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"25497","article-title":"Effect of the Aggregation State of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate on Hydroxyapatite Nucleation Kinetics","volume":"7","author":"Jiang S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Royal Society of Chemistry Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202500226"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11121980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb12040059"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12458","DOI":"10.1021\/la202616u","article-title":"Symmetric pH\u2010Dependent Swelling and Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan Brushes","volume":"27","author":"Lee H. 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