{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T07:23:38Z","timestamp":1782285818441,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000867","name":"Commonwealth Scholarship Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P151847IDA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847IDA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Macromol. Rapid Commun."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Electrospinning typically produces 2D fibrous nanofibers with poor heavy metal sorption capabilities and weak mechanical strength without post\u2010processing treatment. Comparably, 3D structures have 99.992% porosity, larger pore sizes, and lower fiber density. In this study, macroscopic 3D poly L\u2010lactic acid (PLLA) structures are fabricated successfully by 3D electrospinning. It is found that the electrospinning solvent system, polymer concentration, phosphoric acid (H\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) additive concentration, collector potential, working distance, flow rate, and applied nozzle voltage affected the fiber diameter and 3D structural dimensions. The effects of these variables are investigated, and optimum conditions are obtained. The optimal parameters for the 3D PLLA structure are 0.5 wt.% phosphoric acid additive to the 12\u00a0mg mL h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    PLLA solution, +1\u00a0V charged collector, +18\u00a0kV nozzle voltage, 4\u00a0cm working distance, 4\u00a0mL h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    flow rate, and Dichloromethane (DCM)\/ N, N\u2010dimethylformamide (DMF) (6:1) solvent. The structure has a 774\u00a0nm average diameter and 2.36\u00a0cm height. Scanning electron microscopy showed fiber uniformity at the different sections of the macroscopic 3D PLLA structures. These results expand the possibilities of using PLLA as 3D electrospun biomimetic structures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202500130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T08:21:54Z","timestamp":1748334114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["3D Electrospinning of Macroscopic PLLA Structures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0542-928X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Tusiimire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Design Art and Technology Makerere University  P.O Box 7062 Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Polymer Textiles and Industrial Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Busitema University  P.O. Box 236 Tororo Uganda"},{"name":"School of Engineering Institute for Materials and Processes The University of Edinburgh  King's Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3FB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lubwama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Design Art and Technology Makerere University  P.O Box 7062 Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Tamale","family":"Ssekitoleko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Biomedical Sciences College of Health Sciences Makerere University  P.O Box 7062 Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Koutsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Institute for Materials and Processes The University of Edinburgh  King's Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3FB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiwat","family":"Nuansing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Institute of Science Suranaree University of Technology  Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Advanced Functional Materials (CoE\u2010AFM) Suranaree University of Technology  Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7358-951X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Radacsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Institute for Materials and Processes The University of Edinburgh  King's Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3FB UK"},{"name":"School of Engineering Institute for Bioengineering The University of Edinburgh  Mayfield Road Edinburgh EH9 3JL UK"},{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular Science The Queen's Medical Research Institute (QMRI) University of Edinburgh BioQuarter  47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","first-page":"494","volume-title":"Nanoscience in Medicine","author":"Daima H. K.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00178-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Technical Textiles","author":"Horrocks A. R.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-023-00278-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202100003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6PY00339G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6802"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816805-9.00007-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123608"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202000230"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.10.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00147"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e301","DOI":"10.22430\/22565337.2223","volume":"25","author":"Mej\u00eda Suaza M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"TecnoL\u00f3gicas"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c05429"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.105695"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susmat.2024.e00830"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201500001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1626"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.109916"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA13278F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(71)90241-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1981.180190601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2019.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume":"16","author":"Stanger J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrospinning"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"R.Casasola Electrospinning of poly (lactic) acid for biomedical applications: analysis of solution properties and process parameters drug encapsulation and release. PhD thesis Loughborough University 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224065.2017.11917993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7324\/JABB.2022.100321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00593"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","volume":"43","author":"Jones B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Quality Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.09.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA15268A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8921316"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(03)00532-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(02)00275-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. R.Unnithan R. S.Arathyram C. S.Kim In Nanotechnology Applications for Tissue Engineering (Eds.SThomas YGrohens NNinan) William Andrew Publishing: Oxford 2015 pp.45\u201355.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-32889-0.00003-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.002"}],"container-title":["Macromolecular Rapid Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/marc.202500130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T07:04:04Z","timestamp":1762931044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/marc.202500130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/marc.202500130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/marc.202500130","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1022-1336","1521-3927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1022-1336","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-3927","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2500130"}}