{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:04:01Z","timestamp":1787828641423,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021 SGR 01042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 01042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Macromol. Rapid Commun."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigates the deformation and failure mechanisms of natural rubber (NR) and waste rubber blends under mechanical and thermal cycles using in situ synchrotron wide\u2010angle X\u2010ray diffraction (WAXD). The incorporation of ground tire rubber (GTR) into NR enhances strain\u2010induced crystallization (SIC), reducing the onset strain for crystallization and increasing mechanical reinforcement. Cyclic loadings reveal significant hysteresis and residual deformation, influenced by GTR content. Moreover, the strain at complete melting of SIC crystals is found to decrease with GTR content, suggesting a higher stability of SIC crystals. Under combined tensile stress and high temperature, NR\/GTR blends exhibit failure likely due to decohesion at the NR\/GTR interface and growth of cavities in the NR matrix. Nonetheless, the temperature at fracture is increased by 15\u00b0C with the GTR content at a strain of 300%. As SIC crystals promote resistance to crack growth, failure is delayed under high stress and temperature owing to the nucleating effect of GTR on SIC. In spite of the limitations imposed by the interface between NR and GTR, the study highlights the role of GTR in the promotion of SIC in reinforcing NR\u2010based composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202500480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T08:36:31Z","timestamp":1755160591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deformation and Failure Mechanisms of Natural\/Waste Rubber Blends Under Mechanical and Thermal Cycles: A Synchrotron In Situ Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Samuele","family":"Uliana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"eb\u2010POLICOM \u2013 e\u2010PLASCOM, Departament De Ci\u00e8ncia i Enginyeria De Materials Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona\u2010Est (EEBE) BarcelonaTech (UPC) Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering BarcelonaTech (UPC) Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1559-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Candau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eb\u2010POLICOM \u2013 e\u2010PLASCOM, Departament De Ci\u00e8ncia i Enginyeria De Materials Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona\u2010Est (EEBE) BarcelonaTech (UPC) Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering BarcelonaTech (UPC) Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Arioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering BarcelonaTech (UPC) Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"eb\u2010POLICOM \u2013 PSEP Departament d'Enginyeria Qu\u00edmica Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE) BarcelonaTech (UPC) Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering BarcelonaTech (UPC) Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"eb\u2010POLICOM \u2013 PSEP Departament d'Enginyeria Qu\u00edmica Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE) BarcelonaTech (UPC) Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Lluisa","family":"Maspoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eb\u2010POLICOM \u2013 e\u2010PLASCOM, Departament De Ci\u00e8ncia i Enginyeria De Materials Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona\u2010Est (EEBE) BarcelonaTech (UPC) Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering BarcelonaTech (UPC) Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"European strategy for market development of innovative use of tyre recycled materials European Commission https:\/\/single\u2010market\u2010economy.ec.europa.eu\/sectors\/raw\u2010materials\/eip\/raw\u2010materials\u2010commitment\/european\u2010strategy\u2010market\u2010development\u2010innovative\u2010use\u2010tyre\u2010recycled\u2010materials_en (accessed:2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.25510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","article-title":"Crack Initiation and Propagation under Multiaxial Fatigue in a Natural Rubber","volume":"28","author":"Saintier N.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Fatigue"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3547643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-3057(75)90009-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma5006843"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0342877"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0608424"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2006.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2023.108289"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2023.125911"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.0c00515"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9010012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-019-01503-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2021.124309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(00)00492-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"1\u201123","article-title":"Effects of Recycled Carbon Black Generated from Waste Rubber on the Curing Process and Properties of New Natural Rubber Composites","volume":"80","author":"Jovi\u010di\u0107 M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymer Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1539445X.2023.2169459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c05984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14658011.2021.2008713"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16040455"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109626"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2021.107313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0303566"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2076\/1\/012079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202307741"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.2c01038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3536164"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2014.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma021106c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5254\/rct.14.86950"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3547603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13091496"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/polyeng-2014-0034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","article-title":"Statistial Mechanics of Cross\u2010linked Polymer Networks II. Swelling. TextitJ","volume":"11","author":"Flory P. J.","year":"1943","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1963.070070306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma302563z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198570271.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1712836"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1707495"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1965.070090906"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma800144u"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3601131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","article-title":"Molecular Structure and Rubber\u2010Like Elasticity I. The Crystal Structures of \u03b2 Gutta\u2010percha, Rubber and Polychloroprene","volume":"180","author":"Bunn C. W.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond Ser Math Phys Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3547825"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50371a016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2017.08.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/12_2015_328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma801290w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma050465f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2010.09.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma3011476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2012.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2012.05.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma060407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202400422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998318761554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","first-page":"587","article-title":"Influence of Microwave Treatment Conditions of GTR on Physico\u2010mechanical and Structural Properties of NBR\/NR\/GTR Composites","volume":"76","author":"Ca\u00f1avate J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal Of Chemical Engineering and Theoretical Applied Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-012-9864-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0495386"}],"container-title":["Macromolecular Rapid Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/marc.202500480","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T13:12:25Z","timestamp":1762434745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/marc.202500480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/marc.202500480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/marc.202500480","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1022-1336","1521-3927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1022-1336","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-3927","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00480"}}