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Rapid Commun."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To validate moderate chemical aggregation of flame\u2010retardant groups as an effective strategy for obtaining advanced flame\u2010retardant molecules, moderate\u2010aggregated linear oligomer B\u2010PDHQ (trimer\u2010dominant) and high\u2010aggregated crosslinked macromolecule C\u2010PDHQ were synthesized via the polymerization between the 10\u2010(2,5\u2010Dihydroxyphenyl)\u201010H\u20109\u2010oxa\u201010\u2010phosphaphenanthrene\u201010\u2010oxide (DOPO\u2010HQ) monomer and formaldehyde. By propagating linear polymerization aggregation of phenolated phosphaphenanthrene (PDOPO) groups, the moderate\u2010aggregated B\u2010PDHQ exhibits outstanding superiority in combustibility suppression efficiency and toughness enhancement effectiveness of epoxy thermoset (EP), compared with the highly aggregated C\u2010PDHQ and non\u2010aggregated monomer DOPO\u2010HQ. Especially, 3%B\u2010PDHQ\/EP passed UL94 V\u20100 rating, 3%DOPO\u2010HQ\/EP only passed UL94 V\u20102 rating, while 3%C\u2010PDHQ\/EP failed to pass any rating of UL94 vertical burning test. Furthermore, moderate\u2010aggregated B\u2010PDHQ also showed leading efficiency in the limited oxygen index, combustion heat inhibition, smoke emission reduction, and char formation enhancement of EP. The behavior of linear oligomer B\u2010PDHQ that triggers the flame\u2010retardant groups aggregation effect was revealed from the condensed\u2010phased char\u2010forming behavior, char layer morphology investigation, and the gas\u2010phased thermal decomposition volatile tracing. In addition, the moderate polymerization aggregation of PDOPO groups in linear oligomer B\u2010PDHQ still enable EP matrix with a higher glass transition temperature and impact toughness. The superiority of moderate\u2010aggregated B\u2010PDHQ provides a practical and efficient route for designing and manufacturing high\u2010performance reactive flame\u2010retardant molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.70390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T13:04:47Z","timestamp":1785589487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Moderate Chemical Aggregation of Phenolated Phosphaphenanthrene Groups via Methylene Bridge Toward Simultaneously Enhanced Flame Retardancy and Toughness of Epoxy Thermosets"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lunbagen","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials and Future Technology Beijing Technology and Business University  Beijing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Beijing 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