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Rapid Commun."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Limitations of conventional small molecule protonic acids used for doping polyaniline (PANI) including rapid performance degradation, potential cytotoxic effects, and the risk of provoking tissue inflammation; these pose significant challenges for biomedical applications. To overcome these issues, the use of poly(4\u2010styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) as a macromolecular dopant is proposed in this work; a stable PANI: PSS is synthesized and employed as an electrode material. This electrode material is integrated with a gel electrolyte formulated from gelatin and carboxylated chitosan to construct an all\u2010in\u2010one supercapacitor. This integrated design effectively eliminates interfacial resistance between the electrode and the electrolyte while simultaneously enhancing the mechanical integrity and operational stability of the device under physiological conditions. The all\u2010in\u2010one supercapacitor constructed by PANI: PSS as the electrode material demonstrates notable electrochemical performance, characterized by high specific capacitance, excellent long\u2010term cycling stability, and reliable rate capability. Furthermore, comprehensive in vitro biocompatibility evaluations of the all\u2010in\u2010one supercapacitor are conducted, which reveal minimal cytotoxicity, no significant induction of inflammatory responses, and high blood compatibility, especially anticoagulant properties. These findings confirm the material suitability for use in implantable biomedical devices, and this study establishes a practical and reliable strategy for the development of safe, efficient, and biocompatible power sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.70424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:26:03Z","timestamp":1788362763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Macromolecular Doping of Polyaniline Toward All\u2010in\u2010One Supercapacitors with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance and Biocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Xiangya","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Energy Storage Institute State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals School of Green Energy and Energy Storage Lanzhou University of Technology  Lanzhou 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