{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:53:41Z","timestamp":1790430821992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,3]],"date-time":"2006-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mass Spectrometry Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dityrosine is a fluorescent molecule formed as a result of normal posttranslational processing. In many structural proteins, dityrosine confers resistance to proteolysis and physicochemical trauma as a stabilizing crosslink. Dityrosine has also been found in oxidative\/nitrative stress under a variety of conditions and biological systems. In this regard, it has been used as an important biomarker for oxidatively modified proteins during UV and \u03b3\u2010irradiation, aging, and exposure to oxygen free radicals, nitrogen dioxide, peroxynitrite, and lipid hydroperoxides. Renewed interest in dityrosine and other tyrosine oxidation products as clinical indicators of oxidative modification has driven the development of important techniques for the specific analysis and quantification of these molecules. The presence of elevated levels of dityrosine in mammalian tissue and urine samples has been measured by chromatographic separation followed by mass spectrometry GC\u2010MS and HPLC\u2010MS\/MS. Increases in dityrosine levels have been associated with pathologies such as eye cataracts, atherosclerosis, acute inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. The continued development of, and increased accessibility to, improved mass spectrometric instrumentation will expand the capability, feasibility, and sensitivity with which specific biomarkers like dityrosine can be measured. \u00a9 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 26:108\u2013120, 2007<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,3]],"date-time":"2006-10-03T13:58:12Z","timestamp":1159883892000},"page":"108-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Current analytical methods for the detection of dityrosine, a biomarker of oxidative stress, in biological samples"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Theresa","family":"DiMarco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Giulivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(97)00248-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(76)90064-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(84)07026-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(64)90289-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Covalent cross\u2010links in a structural protein, resilin","volume":"263","author":"Anderson SO","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0358824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.6.627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2001.2557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553008114550181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112400200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35659-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)77231-1","article-title":"Characterization of a DL\u2010dityrosine\u2010containing macromolecule from yeast ascospore walls","volume":"265","author":"Briza P","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/378776a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/a700676d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1071576021000049890"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/niox.1998.0186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48018-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48019-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48021-0","article-title":"Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. III. Degradation of denatured proteins","volume":"262","author":"Davies KJA","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48020-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(78)91343-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00196-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6365"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)94535-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.08.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90051-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.10.4214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3330519"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.622574"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00804-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(94)33042-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1994.1245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-003-0013-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)52938-0","article-title":"Dityrosine and tyrosine oxidation products are endogenous markers for the selective proteolysis of oxidatively modified red blood cell hemoglobin by (the 19S) proteasome","volume":"268","author":"Giulivi C","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010697200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R100014200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","article-title":"Synthesis of dityrosine","author":"Gross AJ","year":"1955","journal-title":"Proc Int Con Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)70059-8","article-title":"Oxidation of tyramine, tyrosine, and related compounds by peroxidase","volume":"234","author":"Gross AJ","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jo034089d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769309111598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2455346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9520000939"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048005t"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.10.1113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00792-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53581-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00199a041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)00121-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08126.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/niox.1998.0192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.118.5.1071"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00118.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31395-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(89)90064-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.33.19950"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(01)00113-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01372-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-000-0639-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Diseases related to oxygen\u2010derived free radicals","volume":"25","author":"Knight JA","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(68)90746-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(67)80137-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.6.3520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.276.1.R128","article-title":"Oxidized amino acids in the urine of aging rats: Potential markers for assessing oxidative stress in vivo","volume":"276","author":"Leeuwenburgh C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00071-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4644","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99506-2","article-title":"Fluorescence of lysozyme and lysozyme substrate complexes","volume":"242","author":"Lehrer SS","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-1748(95)00099-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1241"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi960331h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00377a006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)91779-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-003-0014-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.107512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac000497v"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Quantification of o,o\u2032\u2010dityrosine, o\u2010nitrotyrosine, and o\u2010tyrosine in cat urine samples by LC\/electrospray ionization\u2010MS\/MS using isotope dilution","volume":"75","author":"Marvin LF","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac990809y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(95)02072-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2697(03)00359-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00471a004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2005.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2003.10.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.137.3.1208-1218.1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.11.2309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.49.34621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.9.6346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(85)90780-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1995.268.5.L699"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(71)90065-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.10.3.336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9913659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.7.3211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000080895.05158.8B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470122594.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.10.4078-4083.1995","article-title":"Candida albicans cell walls contain the fluorescent cross\u2010linking amino acid dityrosine","volume":"63","author":"Smail EH","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1355616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19971226)66:13<2365::AID-APP2>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17880","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)77915-0","article-title":"The myoglobin protein radical. Coupling of Tyr\u2010103 to Tyr\u2010151 in the H2O2\u2010mediated cross\u2010linking of sperm whale myoglobin","volume":"263","author":"Tew D","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64890-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)80391-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.3.L537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.64.2.85","article-title":"The inactivation of Rh\u2010antibodies by peroxidase","volume":"64","author":"Wagley RF","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31396-6","article-title":"Oxidized amino acids in lens protein with age: Measurement of o\u2010tyrosine and dityrosine in the aging human lens","volume":"268","author":"Wells\u2010Knecht MC","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20021710"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.36.25933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2006.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209124200"}],"container-title":["Mass Spectrometry Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmas.20109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mas.20109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:56:48Z","timestamp":1760954208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mas.20109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,3]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mas.20109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mas.20109","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-7037","1098-2787"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-7037","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2787","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,3]]}}}