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However, TFs are resistant to proteomic characterization because they are frequently masked by more abundant proteins due to the limited dynamic range of capillary liquid chromatography\u2010tandem mass spectrometry and protein database searching. Purification methods, particularly strategies that exploit the high affinity of TFs for DNA response elements (REs) on gene promoters, can enrich TFs prior to proteomic analysis to improve dynamic range and penetrance of the TF proteome. For example, trapping of TF complexes specific for particular REs has been achieved by recovering the element DNA\u2013protein complex on solid supports. Additional methods for improving dynamic range include two\u2010 and three\u2010dimensional gel electrophoresis incorporating electrophoretic mobility shift assays and Southwestern blotting for detection. Here we review methods for TF purification and characterization. We fully expect that future investigations will apply these and other methods to illuminate this important but challenging proteome. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 32: 386\u2013398, 2013.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,8]],"date-time":"2013-07-08T01:01:39Z","timestamp":1373245299000},"page":"386-398","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Purification and characterization of transcription factors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"L.I.","family":"Nagore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.J.","family":"Nadeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249"},{"name":"RCMI Protein Biomarkers Core University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Health Research University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 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