{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:51:25Z","timestamp":1789433485217,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    It is a widespread practice in China to keep colonies of both the western honey bee,\n                    <jats:italic>Apis mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the eastern honey bee,\n                    <jats:italic>Apis cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in close proximity. However, this practice increases opportunities for spillover of parasites and pathogens between the two host bee species, impacting spatial and temporal patterns in the occurrence and prevalence of the viruses that adversely affect bee health. We conducted a 1\u2010year large\u2010scale survey to assess the current status of viral infection in both\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A. cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                    in China. Our study focused on multiple aspects of viral infections in honey bees, including infection rate, viral load, seasonal variation, regional variation, and phylogenetic relationships of the viruses within the same species found in this study and other parts of the world. The survey showed that the black queen cell virus (BQCV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), and sacbrood virus (SBV) were common in both\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A. cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and infection dynamics of BQCV, DWV, and SBV between bee species or seasons were significantly different. DWV was the most common virus in\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and its infection rate and load in\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    were higher than those in\n                    <jats:italic>A. cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which reflects the high susceptibility of\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    to\n                    <jats:italic>Varroa destructor<\/jats:italic>\n                    infestation. The infection rate and viral load of SBV were higher in\n                    <jats:italic>A. cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                    than in\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    , indicating that SBV poses a greater threat to\n                    <jats:italic>A. cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                    than to\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results also suggested that there was no geographical variation in viral dynamics in\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A. cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Phylogenetic analyses of BQCV, DWV, IAPV, and SBV suggested the cross\u2010regional and cross\u2010species spread of these viruses. This study provides important insights into the complex relationships between viruses and their hosts in different seasons and regions, which will be important for developing effective disease management strategies to improve bee health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T22:10:15Z","timestamp":1612735815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Seasonal variation of viral infections between the eastern honey bee (\n                    <i>Apis cerana<\/i>\n                    ) and the western honey bee (\n                    <i>Apis mellifera<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5876-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gongwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengsheng","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0801-0417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bee Research Laboratory USDA\u2010ARS Beltsville MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuliang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-0694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huoqing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2011.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.1996.11099306"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"Pathogens and queen bees","volume":"94","author":"Anderson D. 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