{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T04:27:12Z","timestamp":1769833632911,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The antimicrobial susceptibility of <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> strains isolated from HIV\u2010positive individuals is not well characterized. This study aimed to measure the prevalence and long\u2010term trends associated with primary <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> antibiotic resistance, evaluate correlations with antibiotic consumption, and compare predictors for <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> antibiotic resistance between HIV\u2010positive and HIV\u2010negative individuals. In this longitudinal registry study, we evaluated consecutive adults with and without HIV infection, na\u00efve to <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> treatment, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and had a positive <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> culture, with susceptibility testing available, between 2004 and 2015. Outpatient antibiotic consumption data were based on nationwide aggregated numbers. <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> was isolated from gastric biopsies of 3008\/8321 patients, 181\/477 (37.9%) were HIV\u2010positive and 2827\/7844 (36.0%) HIV\u2010negative. Overall cohort mean prevalence of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> primary antibiotic resistance was 11.1% for clarithromycin, 17.8% levofloxacin, and 39.4% metronidazole. The prevalence of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> primary resistance was significantly higher for these three drugs in HIV\u2010positive individuals across the study period. Linear regression showed that the prevalence of clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance correlated with the country aggregate daily dose consumption of macrolides and quinolones, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis showed that HIV infection is a strong independent risk factor for multiple <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> antibiotic resistance. In summary, HIV infection is a risk factor for carrying multi\u2010resistant <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> strains and this is correlated with antibiotic consumption. Empirical therapies should be avoided in HIV\u2010positive individuals. These data highlight the need to implement ongoing monitoring of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> antimicrobial susceptibility among HIV\u2010positive individuals. The study is registered at ISRCTN registry, number 13466428: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN13466428\">https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN13466428<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T15:57:34Z","timestamp":1622476654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Primary antibiotic resistance of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> isolates is twofold more frequent in HIV\u2010positive than HIV\u2010negative individuals: A descriptive observational study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7708-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Nkuize","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology CHU Saint Pierre Universit\u00e9 Libre de 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