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Here, we utilized both convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and random forests\u00a0(RFs) to predict the concentration of the samples containing measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella\u2010zoster viruses (ProQuad\u00ae) based on Raman and absorption spectroscopy. We prepared Raman and absorption spectra data sets with known concentration values, then used the Raman and absorption signals individually and together to train RFs\u00a0and CNNs. We demonstrated that both RFs and CNNs can make predictions with <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> values as high as 95%. We proposed two different networks to jointly use the Raman and absorption spectra, where our results demonstrated that concatenating the Raman and absorption data increases the prediction accuracy compared to using either Raman or absorption spectrum alone. Additionally, we further verified the advantage of using joint Raman\u2010absorption with principal component analysis. Furthermore, our method can be extended to characterize properties other than concentration, such as the type of viral particles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T12:44:11Z","timestamp":1670244251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Characterizing viral samples using machine learning for Raman and absorption spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8231-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miad","family":"Boodaghidizaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreya","family":"Milind Athalye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukirt","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Esmaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6374-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohit S.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA"},{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA"},{"name":"Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arezoo M.","family":"Ardekani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b603693g"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2383-0_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2017.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.117173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136710"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/tast.2009.08199"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108990"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2564398"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"Kingma D. 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