{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:35:06Z","timestamp":1792118106236,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008899","name":"University of South Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008899","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human exposure to <jats:italic>Vibrio vulnificus<\/jats:italic>, a gram\u2010negative, halophilic environmental pathogen, is increasing. Despite this, the mechanisms of its pathogenicity and virulence remain largely unknown. Each year, hundreds of infections related to <jats:italic>V. vulnificus<\/jats:italic> occur, leading to hospitalization in 92% of cases and a mortality rate of 35%. The infection is severe, typically contracted through the consumption of contaminated food or exposure of an open wound to contaminated water. This can result in necrotizing fasciitis and the need for amputation of the infected tissue. Although several genes (<jats:italic>rtxA1, vvpE<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>vvhA<\/jats:italic>) have been implicated in the pathogenicity of this organism, a defined mechanism has not been discovered. In this study, we examine environmentally isolated <jats:italic>V. vulnificus<\/jats:italic> strains using a zebrafish model (<jats:italic>Danio rerio<\/jats:italic>) to investigate their virulence capabilities. We found significant variation in virulence between individual strains. The commonly used marker gene of disease\u2010causing strains, <jats:italic>vcgC<\/jats:italic>, did not accurately predict the more virulent strains. Notably, the least virulent strain in the study, <jats:italic>V. vulnificus<\/jats:italic> Sept WR1\u2010BW6, which tested positive for <jats:italic>vcgC, vvhA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>rtxA1<\/jats:italic>, did not cause severe disease in the fish and was the only strain that did not result in any mortality. Our study demonstrates that virulence varies greatly among different environmental strains and cannot be accurately predicted based solely on genotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T10:59:11Z","timestamp":1721732351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In vivo examination of pathogenicity and virulence in environmentally isolated <i>Vibrio vulnificus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Pipes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Lovell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5903-6388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie L.","family":"Kathrein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19026\/crjbs.6.5502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00208-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.4.1454-1457.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-75"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.12.2552"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.947"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00475-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.13-10-0195"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.11-08-0065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Vibrio. 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