{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:17:15Z","timestamp":1789996635060,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]],"date-time":"2014-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>, the etiologic agent of tularemia, can survive under acidic conditions. Tularemia can be acquired by several routes, including by ingestion of contaminated food or water. While acid resistance is usually associated with a low oral infective dose (ID), the ID for gastrointestinal illness is quite high. In this study, four strains of <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> ssp. <jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic> (type A) and four strains of <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> ssp. <jats:italic>holarctica<\/jats:italic> (type B) were examined for innate acid resistance and the ability to survive in synthetic gastric fluid (SGF) under in vitro conditions similar to passage through the human stomach. Survival for all strains was significantly less in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content> 2.5 SGF than in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content> 2.5 phosphate\u2010buffered saline and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content> 4.0 SGF. Attenuated strains were consistently less resistant. Type B strains are most often associated with waterborne outbreaks and were examined after storage in natural water. Low\u2010nutrient preadaptation resulted in increased resistance. Although <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> can persist under certain acidic conditions, it is sensitive to conditions replicating the fasting human stomach. This may help explain the high ID required for gastrointestinal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]],"date-time":"2014-01-08T10:20:47Z","timestamp":1389176447000},"page":"133-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Acid Resistance in <i>Francisella tularensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Noreen J.","family":"Adcock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pegasus Technical Services Inc. Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene W.","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.1.600-606.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(92)90144-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08871.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.2924-2931.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2004.01603.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3790","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.10.3790-3795.1995","article-title":"Contribution of urease to acid tolerance in Yersinia enterocolitica","volume":"63","author":"DeKoning\u2010Ward T. 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