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However, there are other intestinal pathotypes that can cause disease in humans, whose presence has been seldom investigated. Thus, our aim was to identify the effects of anthropic pressure and of wild and domestic ungulate abundance on the distribution and diversity of the main human<jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>pathotypes and nine of their representative virulence genes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VG<\/jats:styled-content>s). We used a quantitative real\u2010time<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>(qPCR) for the direct detection and quantification of the genus\u2010specific gene<jats:italic>uid<\/jats:italic>A, nine<jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>VGs (<jats:italic>stx1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>sxt<\/jats:italic>2,<jats:italic>eae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ehx<\/jats:italic>A,<jats:italic>agg<\/jats:italic>R,<jats:italic>est<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>elt<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>bfp<\/jats:italic>A,<jats:italic>inv<\/jats:italic>A), as well as four genes related to O157:H7 (<jats:italic>rfb<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>O157<\/jats:sub>,<jats:italic>fli<\/jats:italic>C<jats:sub>H7<\/jats:sub>) and O104:H4 (<jats:italic>wzx<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>O104<\/jats:sub>,<jats:italic>fli<\/jats:italic>C<jats:sub>H4<\/jats:sub>) serotypes in animals (feces from deer, cattle, and wild boar) and water samples collected in three areas of Do\u00f1ana National Park (DNP), Spain. Eight of the nine VGs were detected, being<jats:italic>inv<\/jats:italic>A,<jats:italic>eae<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>2 followed by<jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>1,<jats:italic>agg<\/jats:italic>R, and<jats:italic>ehx<\/jats:italic>A the most abundant ones. In quantitative terms (gene copies per mg of sample),<jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>1 and<jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>2 gave the highest values. Significant differences were seen regarding VGs in the three animal species in the three sampled areas. The serotype\u2010related genes were found in all but one sample types. In general, VGs were more diverse and abundant in the northern part of the Park, where the surface waters are more contaminated by human waste and farms. In the current study, we demonstrated that human influence is more relevant than host species in shaping the<jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>VGs spatial pattern and diversity in DNP. In addition, wildlife could be potential reservoirs for other pathotypes different from STEC, however further isolation steps would be needed to completely characterize those<jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,18]],"date-time":"2017-02-18T05:12:56Z","timestamp":1487394776000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Human influence and biotic homogenization drive the distribution of<i><scp>E<\/scp>scherichia coli<\/i>virulence genes in natural habitats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9346-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Cabal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain"},{"name":"SaBio IREC National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC\u2010UCLM\u2010JCCM) Ciudad Real Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquin","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio IREC National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC\u2010UCLM\u2010JCCM) Ciudad Real Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose Angel","family":"Barasona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio IREC National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC\u2010UCLM\u2010JCCM) Ciudad Real Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Boadella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio IREC National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC\u2010UCLM\u2010JCCM) Ciudad Real Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gortazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio IREC National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC\u2010UCLM\u2010JCCM) Ciudad Real Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10541-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-014-0122-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115608"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12480"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70165-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in white\u2010tailed deer and livestock","volume":"6","author":"Branham L. 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