{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:47:56Z","timestamp":1787510876349,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]],"date-time":"2018-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]],"date-time":"2018-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011264","name":"FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["29950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005864","name":"National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n UV resistance of bacteria isolated from\u00a0the marine cyanobacterium\n Moorea producens<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0has not been observed previously, findings which highlight how unsafe\u00a0germicidal\n UV<\/jats:styled-content>\n irradiation for sterilization of air, food, and water could be. Further,\n UV<\/jats:styled-content>\n resistance of\n Bacillus licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n is being observed for the first time. This study focused on bacteria isolated from the marine cyanobacterium\n M.\u00a0producens<\/jats:italic>\n collected off the Kenyan coast at Shimoni, Wasini, Kilifi, and Mida.\n UV<\/jats:styled-content>\n irradiance of isolates\u00a0(302\u00a0nm, 70\u00a0W\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , 0\u20131\u00a0hr) established\n B.\u00a0licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n as the most\n UV<\/jats:styled-content>\n resistant strain, with the following order of taxon resistance:\u00a0\n Bacilli<\/jats:italic>\n >\u00a0\u03b3\n proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0>\u00a0\n Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n .\n UV<\/jats:styled-content>\n resistance was independent of pigmentation. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic distance determined for both\n B.\u00a0licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Bacillus aerius<\/jats:italic>\n relative to\n M.\u00a0producens<\/jats:italic>\n CCAP<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1446\/4 was 2.0. Survival of\u00a0\n B. licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0upon\n UV<\/jats:styled-content>\n irradiance followed first\u2010order kinetics (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.035\/min,\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.88). Addition of\u00a0aqueous extracts (2, 10, 20 and 40\u00a0mg\/ml) of this\n B.\u00a0licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n strain on the less resistant\n Marinobacterium stanieri<\/jats:italic>\n was not significant, however, the commercial sunscreen benzophenone\u20103 (\n BP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20103) positive control and the time of irradiance were significant. Detection of bacteria on\n M.\u00a0producens<\/jats:italic>\n filaments stained with acridine orange confirmed its nonaxenic nature. Although the chemistry of\n UV<\/jats:styled-content>\n resistance in cyanobacteria has been studied in depth revealing for example the role of mycosporine like amino acids (\n MAA<\/jats:styled-content>\n s) in\n UV<\/jats:styled-content>\n resistance less is known about how bacteria resist\n UV<\/jats:styled-content>\n irradiation. This is of interest since cyanobacteria live in association with bacteria.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]],"date-time":"2018-08-19T22:54:38Z","timestamp":1534719278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["UV<\/scp>\n Resistance of bacteria from the Kenyan Marine cyanobacterium\n Moorea producens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8824-010X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Dzeha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Science and Technology Technical University of Kenya Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constance","family":"Nyiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Pwani University Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Kardasopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Pwani University Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mwafaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Pwani University Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry Newcastle University Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1491-7341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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