{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:41:12Z","timestamp":1791639672975,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diclofenac (DCF), a commonly used anti\u2010inflammatory medication, presents environmental concerns due to its presence in water bodies, resistance to conventional wastewater treatment methods, and detection at increasing concentrations (ng\/L to \u00b5g\/L) that highlight DCF as a global emerging pollutant. While microalgae have been effective in degrading DCF in wastewater, immobilization into a matrix offers a promising approach to enhance treatment retention and efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of DCF removal using immobilized freshwater microalgae. Two algal species,\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus obliquus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), were tested for 6 days in both free and immobilized forms to determine if immobilized algae could degrade DCF comparably to free cells. The findings indicate that by Day 3, immobilized\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus<\/jats:italic>\n                    removed 78.0% and 80.1% of DCF, outperforming free\u2010cell cultures. Mixed cultures demonstrated synergistic effects, with removal amounts of 91.4% for free and 92.3% for immobilized systems. By Day 6, all conditions achieved complete DCF removal (100%). Mechanistic analysis showed 80.0% biodegradation and 20.0% bioaccumulation in free\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 56.8% biodegradation with 43.2% bioaccumulation in\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Immobilization shifted pathways slightly: in\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 61.6% of DCF removal occurred via biodegradation, 18.3% via bioaccumulation, and 20.1% via abiotic degradation. For\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , immobilization achieved 45.6% biodegradation, 36.6% bioaccumulation, and 17.8% abiotic degradation, enhancing abiotic degradation while maintaining biodegradation efficiency. This research serves as a proof of concept for utilizing immobilized algae in DCF removal and suggests an avenue for improved wastewater treatment of emerging contaminants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:44:43Z","timestamp":1734482683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diclofenac Degradation by Immobilized\n                    <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Scenedesmus obliquus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1500-2810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thamali","family":"Kariyawasam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Beaty Water Research Center Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Petkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bas","family":"Vriens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Beaty Water Research Center Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2022.100205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26873\/SVR-744-2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0392-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-01110-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01166210"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2016.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120840"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21418-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163639"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16640-7_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2016.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2019.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w15010070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158514"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Chlamydomonas Sourcebook","author":"Harris E. 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