{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T12:37:21Z","timestamp":1769776641980,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Insect larvae are increasingly being employed as sophisticated infection models in the expanding field of pathogenic bacterial research. This innovative study aims to evaluate an alternative model for analyzing host\u2010pathogen interactions and assessing the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments using the biological system of\n                    <jats:italic>Rhynchophorus phoenicis<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae. Using PCR techniques targeting 16S rRNA, virulence genes encoding Type III secretion system (T3SS) components, and the\n                    <jats:italic>Hsp60<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, four major pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae were identified with 100% detection rates:\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and enteropathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EPEC). Virulence assessment revealed that injection of bacterial strains at a concentration of 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/\u00b5L into\n                    <jats:italic>R. phoenicis<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae was optimal for evaluating pathogenicity. Highly virulent strains\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    EPEC strain E2,\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    K4,\n                    <jats:italic>S. Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    S4, and\n                    <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    En2\u2014caused significantly reduced larval survival, with bacterial loads in the hemolymph reaching up to 2.5\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/\u00b5L. Treatment evaluation showed that the amoxicillin\u2009+\u2009biosurfactant combination was the most effective in prolonging larval survival across all time points. Survival rates peaked at 80% at 24\u2009h and remained relatively high at up to 70% at 72\u2009h for certain strains. In contrast, amoxicillin alone demonstrated variable and less sustained efficacy. These findings underscore the potential of\n                    <jats:italic>R. phoenicis<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae as a valuable alternative model for exploring host\u2013pathogen interactions and assessing the synergistic efficacy of combined antimicrobial treatments involving antibiotics and biosurfactants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:40:46Z","timestamp":1751330446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel Animal Model of Enterobacteria Pathogenicity, Virulence, and Amoxicillin\u2014Biosurfactant Synergic Using Nsomb\u00e9 (\n                    <i>Rhynchophorus phoenicis<\/i>\n                    Larvae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sergy Patrick Junior","family":"Bissoko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Mol\u00e9culaire (BCM), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques Universit\u00e9 Marien Ngouabi Brazzaville Congo"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN) Brazzaville Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-4726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Aim\u00e9","family":"Kayath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Mol\u00e9culaire (BCM), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques Universit\u00e9 Marien Ngouabi Brazzaville Congo"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN) Brazzaville Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saturnin Nicaise","family":"Mokemiabeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Mol\u00e9culaire (BCM), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques Universit\u00e9 Marien Ngouabi Brazzaville Congo"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN) Brazzaville Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Yannick","family":"Okouakoua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Mol\u00e9culaire (BCM), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques Universit\u00e9 Marien Ngouabi Brazzaville Congo"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN) Brazzaville Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Charles Roland","family":"Moukala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Mol\u00e9culaire (BCM), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques Universit\u00e9 Marien Ngouabi Brazzaville Congo"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN) Brazzaville 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