{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:50:37Z","timestamp":1786978237289,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Biofilm formation on tracheal tubing is a key risk factor for ventilator\u2010associated pneumonia. Endotracheal tube microbiology has been systematically reviewed, but tracheostomy tube profiles have not. Analysis of the tube\u2010associated microbiome is not standardised, and sampling methods are varied. We compared the reported microbiomes of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes and examined the impact of sampling by tracheal aspiration or direct culture. We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Knowledge for clinical microbiology studies from 2000\u20132024, extracting tubing type, sampling method, and the most prevalent genera identified. Genera were compared by Spearman's rank correlation and pairwise analyses by \u0160id\u00e1k's test. Extraction from 49 studies identified 30 genera.\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the most prevalent in all conditions followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella, Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 25 studies performed tracheal aspiration, and 22, direct culture. Two studies used both methods. Correlation was observed between endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes, and aspirates and direct cultures (Spearman's rho = 0.69; 0.59).\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    were more prevalent in tracheostomy tubes (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001). Coagulase\u2010positive\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococci<\/jats:italic>\n                    were more common in tracheal aspirates, and coagulase\u2010negative\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococci<\/jats:italic>\n                    in direct culture. The microbial profiles of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes are comparable, with\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    being the most common coloniser. Our analyses suggest that tracheal aspiration can effectively identify the constituents of biofilms without requiring tube removal, making it a valuable tool for clinical researchers to analyse or monitor biofilms before extubation or device failure using existing microbiology procedures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T03:16:47Z","timestamp":1751858207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Biofilm Formation on Endotracheal and Tracheostomy Tubing: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Culture Data and Sampling Method"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0511-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ed","family":"Deshmukh\u2010Reeves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences University of Kent Canterbury Kent UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2721-5435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences University of Kent Canterbury Kent UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3585-2996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Bilsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences University of Kent Canterbury Kent UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-6788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Campbell W.","family":"Gourlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences University of Kent Canterbury Kent UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2012.03567.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-016-1208-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13050393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-024-00166-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2023.104073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2022.100079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1601403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-018-0076-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02086-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12101966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02722"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277329"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5336\/medsci.2021-83666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2022.68.2.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2016.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.5.525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26684"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.19.9.7538"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biofilm Producing Multidrug and Extensive Drug Resistant Bacterial Pathogens From Tracheal Aspirates of Intensive Care Unit Patients \u2013 A Threat to Combat","author":"Gupta R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"Hickey S. 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