{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:15:21Z","timestamp":1784646921102,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The COVID\u201019 pandemic has claimed millions of lives globally and continues to pose a threat to public health. It has influenced the self\u2010medication (SM) of antibiotics during the pandemic due to coronaphobia, similar symptoms to flu, cold, respiratory illnesses, insufficiency of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, and easy access to the drug, and so forth. Self\u2010medication with antibiotics (SMA) raises the resistance profile of gut bacteria to antibiotics. This cross\u2010sectional study evaluated the connection between antibiotic consumption and the antibiotic\u2010resistant patterns of gut bacteria isolated from 29 COVID\u201019 patients in Gopalganj, Bangladesh. Standard microbiological tests and molecular methods such as PCR and\n                    <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequencing were performed for bacterial identification. The disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. A total of 48 bacterial isolates, including\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924),\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097),\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097),\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094),\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093),\n                    <jats:italic>Providencia alcalifaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091),\n                    <jats:italic>Proteus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091), and\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091), were identified. The prevalence of SM and multidrug resistance patterns was 65.5% and 89.58%, respectively. Self\u2010medicated COVID\u201019 patients reported higher antibiotic resistance than patients who consumed prescribed antibiotics regularly. This study demonstrated that, in addition to SMA, other factors such as diet, water, sanitation, and so on can contribute to the development of antibiotic\u2010resistant bacteria. A healthy lifestyle and awareness while using antibiotics can limit our gut microbes from becoming antimicrobial\u2010resistant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1759228252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Examine the Impact of Self\u2010Medicated Antibiotics on Gut Bacterial Diversity From COVID\u201019 Patients in Gopalganj, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rabeya","family":"Khanam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Gopalganj Science and Technology University Gopalganj Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2286-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Yamun","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Gopalganj Science and Technology University Gopalganj Bangladesh"},{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline Khulna University Khulna Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7597-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Malek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Gopalganj Science and Technology University Gopalganj Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5844-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sazzad Hossain","family":"Sagor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Gopalganj Science and Technology University Gopalganj Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandan","family":"Sikder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2971-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Sahabuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Gopalganj Science and Technology University Gopalganj Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S351827"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-023-15025-Y\/TABLES\/6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2023.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20420986221094141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12866-019-1446-2\/FIGURES\/4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.5.2197-2202.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0343-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FCIMB.2020.00009\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3044371"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.21.1.46-76.1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33368"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2021.h523"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.63.8.3233-3241.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3107.241987"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00073-14\/ASSET\/C43F4978-7327-407E-8F15-1BBD2B782C26\/ASSETS\/GRAPHIC\/ZCM9990924970001.JPEG"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2021.765965\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","volume-title":"The Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Bangladesh","author":"IHME","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0269782"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JIPH.2023.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01150-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CMI.2020.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/NAR\/GKAE268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MSYSTEMS.00453-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","unstructured":"Lewis II J. 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