{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T12:43:45Z","timestamp":1785588225880,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      is associated with several nutritional and therapeutic benefits. However, there is limited research on how much these health benefits are mediated directly by the plant or through fermentation with intestinal microbes. We examined the interaction between\n                      <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      aqueous leaf extract and three common gut microbes whose abundance was significantly altered in previous intervention studies. Growth curves of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron<\/jats:italic>\n                      were examined in the presence of increasing concentrations of\n                      <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf extract in YCFA media with and without carbohydrates and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Anthrone and Fast Blue BB assays were conducted on spent media to measure carbohydrate and phenolic content, respectively. Sterile fermentation supernatants were applied to an in vitro gut barrier model consisting of differentiated Caco\u20102 monolayers on permeable cell culture inserts and the transepithelial resistance (TEER) was measured. Growth curve analysis demonstrated that the three bacterial isolates tested could grow in the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      . However,\n                      <jats:italic>B. longum<\/jats:italic>\n                      had a greater increase in total growth, consumed more soluble carbohydrates, and produced more soluble polyphenols using\n                      <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf extract as a sole carbohydrate source than the other two microbes. Additionally,\n                      <jats:italic>B. longum<\/jats:italic>\n                      fermentation of both glucose and\n                      <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      increased TEER in Caco\u20102 monolayers significantly more than\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      fermentation of both carbohydrate sources (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0007). These results suggest a potential mechanism through which consumption of\n                      <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      may promote the growth of probiotic organisms within the human gut to improve gut barrier integrity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T05:43:20Z","timestamp":1764049400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut Microbe Fermentation of\n                    <i>Moringa oleifera<\/i>\n                    Leaf Extract Increases Measurable Polyphenols and Improves Barrier Function in a Cell Culture Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Kable","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Microbiome and Immunity Unit Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition University of California, Davis Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Storms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Microbiome and Immunity Unit Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep","family":"Alkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Microbiome and Immunity Unit Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maneesha","family":"Muriki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, Global Disease Biology Program Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"DeVries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Microbiome and Immunity Unit Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Waterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, Institute for Global Nutrition Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle G.","family":"Lemay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Microbiome and Immunity Unit Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition University of California, Davis Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aoas.2016.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0080-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135814"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.03.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0211480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00780-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2480953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1158395"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2355-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00793H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-6-2141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-0990-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AN16540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43450-022-00352-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8233-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages1030169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","volume-title":"Food Funct","author":"Hu J.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002030000222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2023.100938"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-023-00595-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"753","article-title":"Phytochemicals and Uses of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Ugandan Rural Communities","volume":"4","author":"Kasolo J. 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