{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:49:58Z","timestamp":1786978198443,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Multidrug\u2010resistant (MDR) bacterial infections constitute one of the top global public health threats. This study investigated the potential of gallium liquid metal nanoparticles (GaLM NPs) as a new agent against MDR pathogens. GaLM NPs was bactericidal against methicillin\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA) isolates and a vancomycin\u2010intermediate\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    reference strain (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values between 39 and 156\u2009\u03bcg\/mL). The bactericidal activity of GaLM NPs was supported by transmission electron microscopy showing marked ultrastructural changes in the cell envelope of MRSA USA300. GaLM NPs were bacteriostatic against selected Gram\u2010negative (\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) reference strains and isolates (MICs between 39 and 625\u2009\u03bcg\/mL). Furthermore, GaLM NPs demonstrated additive and bacteriostatic activity when combined with sub\u2010inhibitory concentrations of colistin against\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Additionally, GaLM NPs showed anti\u2010biofilm activity against MRSA USA300 (minimum biofilm eradication concentration of 625\u2009\u03bcg\/mL); morphology changes of GaLM NPs\u2010treated cells was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, GaLM NPs was safe to human epidermal keratinocyte cell line at 1024\u2009\u00b5g\/mL (6.5\u2009\u00d7\u2009MIC). We conclude that GaLM NPs warrant further exploration for the effective treatment of Gram\u2010positive or Gram\u2010negative infections both alone and in combination with antimicrobial drugs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T14:56:33Z","timestamp":1761231393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gallium Liquid Metal Nanoparticles as Agents to Treat Multidrug\u2010Resistant Bacterial Infections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hang Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide Roseworthy South Australia Australia"},{"name":"ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance The 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