{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:35:59Z","timestamp":1790015759571,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium, a major foodborne pathogen, forms biofilms that enhance its environmental persistence and resistance to antibiotics, presenting significant public health challenges. The CsgD protein, a key transcriptional regulator, orchestrates biofilm formation by regulating curli fimbriae and cellulose production. This study aimed to identify and evaluate potential CsgD inhibitors to disrupt\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium biofilms using a combination of computational and experimental methodologies. Molecular docking was performed to screen 145 FDA\u2010approved antibiotics from DrugBank against the CsgD protein. Carbenicillin, identified as a top candidate, was further analyzed through 100\u2009ns molecular dynamics simulations to assess the stability of the carbenicillin\u2010CsgD complex. Experimental evaluations determined the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of carbenicillin against\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium isolates. Biofilm structure and curli production were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Congo red agar assays, respectively. Molecular docking revealed carbenicillin's high binding affinity to CsgD. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the structural stability of the carbenicillin\u2010CsgD complex. Experimental assays established MBIC and MBEC at 1 and 4\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, respectively. SEM analysis showed morphological changes and disrupted biofilm architecture at 0.5\u20131\u2009\u03bcg\/mL carbenicillin, while Congo red agar assays demonstrated dose\u2010dependent suppression of curli production. Carbenicillin exhibits significant potential as a CsgD\u2010targeted anti\u2010biofilm agent, providing a foundation for novel therapeutic strategies to combat\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium infections and address their public health burden.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T05:32:21Z","timestamp":1761111141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Carbenicillin as an Inhibitor of the Biofilm Regulator CsgD in\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Negar","family":"Narimisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-5812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Khoshbayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faramarz","family":"Masjedian Jazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4566-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shabnam","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00823"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.938989"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"Bauer P. 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