{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:03:26Z","timestamp":1769634206981,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vaginal microbiota is essential for mucosal immunity, pathogen defense, and homeostasis. Disruption of this balance can promote opportunistic infections, notably by\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study investigates the therapeutic potential of\n                    <jats:italic>Morus alba<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MA) extract and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (LR) in a rat model exposed to\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    exosomes (CAE). CAE induced a 1.3\u20135.1\u2010fold upregulation in SAP1\u201310 gene expression, with SAP4 showing the highest increase (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05). MA and LR monotherapies selectively suppressed SAP6 (41%) and SAP4 (23%), respectively. Notably, combination therapy (CAE+MA+LR) synergistically inhibited all SAP genes (0.8\u20131.1\u2010fold,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05). 16S rRNA analysis showed that LR\u2010containing groups maintained Lactobacillales abundance (37.77%\u201338.7%), while MA reduced Mycobacteriales by 68.5% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004). Microbial diversity was lower in the MA group (\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.242) but higher in LR groups (H\u2009=\u20095.493\u20135.598). Histopathology revealed severe ovarian inflammation in the CAE group (87.4%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0022) with a 4.2\u2010fold increase in IL\u20106, while combination therapy reduced inflammation and IL\u20106 levels by 60%\u201372% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05). Immunofluorescence confirmed downregulation of TLR4 and Caspase\u20103 with treatment. FIB\u2010SEM and NTA analyses showed that CAE exosomes had a heterogeneous morphology (99.3\u2009\u00b1\u200931.1\u2009nm) and high polydispersity (PDI\u2009=\u20090.31). These results suggest that MA and LR synergistically reduce fungal virulence, restore microbial balance, and offer a promising adjuvant strategy against vaginal candidiasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:23:47Z","timestamp":1763727827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determination of Effect of\n                    <i>Morus alba<\/i>\n                    Extract and\n                    <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/i>\n                    on Vaginal Microbiota and SAP Gene (1\u201310) Profile With\n                    <i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n                    Exosome Administration in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2740-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmut","family":"Ucar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology Atat\u00fcrk University, Faculty of Medicine Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2355-0561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demet","family":"Celebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Atat\u00fcrk University, Faculty of Veterinary Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4578-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozgur","family":"Celebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology Atat\u00fcrk University, Faculty of Medicine Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2391-8191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumeyye","family":"Baser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Faculty of Pharmacy Erzincan Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8588-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Can","family":"Guler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Atat\u00fcrk University, Faculty of Medicine Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayhan","family":"Tanyeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Atat\u00fcrk University, Faculty of Medicine Erzurum 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