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However, the microbiota of spiders, which are important natural enemies of pests, is still largely unknown. To gain insight into the bacterial composition of spiders and their possible roles, we collected five different spider species:\n                    <jats:italic>Pardosa hortensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pholcus phalangioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Steatoda bipunctata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Steatoda triangulosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Walckenaer, 1802), and\n                    <jats:italic>Tegenaria domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Clerck, 1757). Mass spectrometry was used to identify the microbiota of each species. After identifying the microbes, the resistence to antibiotics was measured and compared their antibacterial activity with essential oils derived from plants. The antibiotics tested for species\u2010specific antibacterial activity were imipenem (IPM, 30\u2009mg), ciprofloxacin (CIP, 30\u2009\u00b5g\/disc), linezolid (LZD, 30\u2009\u00b5g\/disc), tobramycin (TOB, 30\u2009\u00b5g\/disc), tigecycline (TGC, 30\u2009\u00b5g\/disc), and tetracycline (TE, 30\u2009\u00b5g\/disc). We also tested the antibacterial activity of essential oils from\n                    <jats:italic>Cedar atlantica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Illicium verum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Pelargonium graveolens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The most frequently identified species were\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus mycoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    from\n                    <jats:italic>P. phalangioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    from\n                    <jats:italic>S. bipunctata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Aerococcus viridans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other species from\n                    <jats:italic>S. triangulosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus mycoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    from\n                    <jats:italic>T. domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Antibiotic resistance was present in one\u2010third of the isolates, with most antibiotic\u2010resistant bacteria found in\n                    <jats:italic>T. domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The essential oils exhibited high antibacterial activity, particularly against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus pumilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Priestia megaterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella osloensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T12:55:35Z","timestamp":1762520135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Study of Antibiotic Resistance Potential of Spiders Bacteriota and Comparison With the Antibacterial Effect of Essential Oils"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Miroslava","family":"Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Slovak University of Agriculture Nitra Slovakia"},{"name":"School of Medical &amp; Health Sciences University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw Warszawa Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2954-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Horacio","family":"Elizondo\u2010Luevano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n (UANL) General Escobedo Nuevo Le\u00f3n Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Products Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Babo\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources Slovak University of Agriculture Nitra"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana Ivani\u010d","family":"Porhaja\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources Slovak University of Agriculture Nitra"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Koll\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Slovak University of Agriculture Nitra Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw \u0141ukasz","family":"Kowalczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Garzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug Sapienza University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0495.1000106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-4-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/poultry2030031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2844880"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030464"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2009.00859.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1636\/ST06-40.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.6b00870"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111600"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01018-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00832-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01845"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2005.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1999.00605.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damayanti R. 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