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Lead and cadmium were efficiently adsorbed by\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores with those of C1 more efficient than those of the lab collection strain PY79. Metal\u2010adsorption did not alter the functionality of C1 spores that were still fully resistant to heat, ethanol or chloroform and able to germinate after the interaction with Cd\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    or Pb\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The spore\u2010adsorbed metals were released upon disruption of the spore coat layers, suggesting that the metals were mostly accumulated within the spore coat. Heat\u2010inactivated spores released almost all adsorbed metals, allowing the recovery of Cd\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Pb\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    . While Cd\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    polluted water impaired the normal germination and growth of seeds of the model plant\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , treatment of the polluted water with C1 spores restored plant growth.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:33:59Z","timestamp":1763728439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bioremediation and Recovery of Lead and Cadmium by Spores of\n                    <i>Bacillus subtilis<\/i>\n                    C1"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Belaeff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federico II University Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ylenia","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federico II University Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Di Iorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federico II University Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1301-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"De Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federico II University Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Baccigalupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology Federico II University Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Giovannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federico II University Naples Italy"},{"name":"Department of Marine and Coastal Science Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA"},{"name":"Marine Chemistry &amp; 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