{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:14:49Z","timestamp":1784297689526,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    is found in 48%\u201352% of chronic wound biofilms, where its resistance to antimicrobials and host immunity presents a major clinical challenge. Although hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is known to be an effective antimicrobial, its mechanism of action remains unclear because standard experimental conditions often produce a mixture of HOCl and hypochlorite (OCl\u207b), making it difficult to isolate the effects of HOCl. Here, we use proteomic profiling to investigate the effects of a pure, stable HOCl gel on\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms in a physiologically relevant chronic wound model. We applied HOCl gel (5.7\u2009mM, pH 6) to mature\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms established in a wound\u2010mimicking flow model. Proteins were analyzed using tandem mass tag (TMT)\u2010based quantitative proteomics, identifying 1,878 proteins. HOCl treatment significantly reduced biofilm viability and altered the abundance of 330 proteins. We observed substantial depletion of proteins involved in biosynthesis, virulence, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation, alongside enrichment of stress response proteins. These findings indicate a shift toward survival phenotypes and weakened pathogenicity. Our data reveal that HOCl disrupts multiple pathways essential for\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    survival and virulence. Crucially, our experimental design eliminates confounding factors that can lead to unintentional testing of mixed HOCl and OCl\u207b species, allowing us to assess the specific effects of HOCl. These findings call for a re\u2010evaluation of HOCl research methodologies and reiterate the importance of realistic infection models in antimicrobial testing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T11:38:04Z","timestamp":1764243484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dissecting HOCl Action in Chronic Wound Biofilms: Proteomic Insights From a Host\u2010Relevant Model of\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lori I.","family":"Robins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences University of Washington Bothell  Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Gafken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenwei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology &amp; Infection Research Group, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.1.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810735"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Methods in Cell Biology","author":"Anees P.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.10.2518-2525.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00449a032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2930.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.640112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01165-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.37.3.633-641.1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2014-0792"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200709200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.18.5624-5635.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2018.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.21.6145-6150.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198902093200606"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Hypochlorous Acid \u2010 Analytical Methods and Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"12","author":"Eryilmaz M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00300-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788013253-FP001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02007-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4265\/bio.11.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13280"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-102912-142520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.454421"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.074815-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00449-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20190045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1497"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005914"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.461-468.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38968-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.95.6.2131-2138.1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.55.4.451-458.1948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2540685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29392\/001c.84488"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","first-page":"909","article-title":"Hypochlorous Acid: A Blast From the Past","volume":"23","author":"Menta N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.8b00217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01480-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0155451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807954115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00173-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00506-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2001.2321"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)33509-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.47.3.613-618.1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909464106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.31.1.11-16.1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-007-1072-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2000_3944"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02311"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2019.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01926-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00964-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx8001719"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8755-9668(86)80025-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03591-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110652"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.07982.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605898200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605898200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mlf2.12109"}],"container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70181","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mbo3.70181","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T09:00:31Z","timestamp":1769590831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mbo3.70181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mbo3.70181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.70181","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-8827","2045-8827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-8827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70181"}}